{"id":55862,"date":"2025-12-12T06:33:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-12T04:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/?p=55862"},"modified":"2025-12-01T16:57:43","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T14:57:43","slug":"55862","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/en\/foco\/55862\/","title":{"rendered":"Mexico, birth of a nation: The sacred and civilization"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rudolf Otto, a great scholar of religious phenomena\u2014along with other experts such as Eliade, Durkheim, and Voegelin\u2014believes that the sacred is the very origin of civilizations, because it shapes space (from \u00abchaos\u00bb to \u00abcosmos\u00bb), regulates time, legitimizes political power (think of the figure of the sacred sovereign in ancient and modern civilizations), and underpins ethics and symbols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Civilization, in practice, is born when man recognizes a sacred space, time, and order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Otto defines the sacred as \u00abnuminous\u00bb: a primary emotional experience that fascinates man, that literally captivates him. Mircea Eliade, developing this intuition, had shown that the sacred not only manifests itself (\u00abhierophany\u00bb), but also establishes an orderly space, a world, separating it precisely from chaos. And the center of this ordered space is an \u00abaxis mundi,\u00bb where the divine bursts forth, opening a communication between heaven, earth, and the world of the dead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We often think that this only applies to \u00abreligious\u00bb societies, but in our Western countries, which are so secular, there are axis mundi that are completely separate from the \u00abreligious\u00bb concept and yet cloaked in an aura of sacredness, such as the Altar of the Fatherland in Rome, conceived as the \u00absecular\u00bb axis mundi of the new Italian state, a civil alternative to the sacred axis represented by St. Peter's.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Mexicas and Their World<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We Europeans have often been victims of a mindset that many define as \u00abEurocentric\u00bb: willing to label other civilizations as barbaric without wanting to delve deeper and learn about their histories and cultures. And indeed, before the \u00abdiscovery\u00bb of America, pre-Columbian Mexico was a complex reality, a mosaic of interconnected peoples, city-states, empires, and religious systems, united by alliances, rivalries, and trade networks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Tlaxcaltecs, for example, were a confederation hostile to the Aztecs (despite having a similar political and religious system). Then there were the Mixtecs and Zapotecs; the Pur\u00e9pechas of Michoac\u00e1n and the Mayans, heirs to an ancient civilization. Although they lacked political unity, these peoples shared the same symbolic matrix: a sacred, cyclical, and deeply relational view of the cosmos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most powerful and advanced of these peoples at the time of the Guadalupe phenomenon (1531) were commonly known as \u00abAztecs\u00bb (from Aztl\u00e1n, their mythical city of origin), but they defined themselves as Mexica (pronounced \u00abmeshica\u00bb), from which the place name Mexico derives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Mexicas spoke the Nahuatl language and had created an empire with its capital (axis mundi) in the famous Tenochtitl\u00e1n, mythically founded on the spot indicated by an eagle and a snake (ierophany). Tenochtitl\u00e1n stood on an island in Lake Texcoco and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/en\/news\/iraq-garden-eden-i\/\">was structured<\/a> socially, hierarchically, and religiously. At its center, in the Templo Mayor, stood two twin shrines dedicated to the two divine polarities: Tlaloc, lord of water and fertility, and Huitzilopochtli, sun god and warrior (there were also other \u00abdeities,\u00bb such as Quetzalcoatl, a feathered serpent associated with wisdom and creation).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The relationship with the sacred was rigidly marked by sacred calendars, astrology, poetry, ritual dance, and astronomically oriented architecture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Mexicas practiced human sacrifice to maintain cosmic balance and feed the gods, especially Huitzilopochtli, the Sun. In their culture, Huitzilopochtli needed blood and vital energy to rise each day. The sacrifice to the sun god Huitzilopochtli consisted of extracting the still-beating heart at the top of the Great Temple of Tenochtitl\u00e1n. The victims were usually prisoners of war, obtained through specific campaigns (children were sacrificed to Tlaloc, the god of rain, during times of drought).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Polytheism?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Mesoamerican peoples were not polytheistic in the strict sense, but rather monistic. Their complex religious culture viewed the gods not as autonomous figures, but as emanations of a single divine energy (\u00abteotl\u00bb) that was the basis of everything. In practice, they believed in a single God who had many manifestations and just as many \u00abforms\u00bb of referring to him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, when speaking of divinity in general, the Mexicas only used terms such as Tloque en Nahuaque, \u00abLord of the near and the far,\u00bb Ipalnemohuani, \u00abHe for whom we live,\u00bb or Teyocoyani, \u00abHe who forms and molds.\u00bb This concept is very important and key to understanding why the phenomenon of Guadalupe had such a profound impact on the Mexica collective imagination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And when the Virgin of Guadalupe defined herself as \u00abNic\u0101n nic\u0101, nic\u0101n n\u0113cah, ichpoch in God, in Ip\u0101lnemohuani, in Tey\u014dcoyani, in Tloque Nahuaque, in Ilhuicahua, in Tlalticpaque\u00bb \u2014\u00abMother of the true God, of the God for whom we live (Ipalnemohuani), of the Creator of men (Teyocoyani), of the Lord of what is near and what is far (Tloque Nahuaque)\u00bb\u2014the indigenous people felt that someone was speaking not only the language of their hearts and their land, but also that of their conceptual maps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It was a decisive cultural shift, a \u00abhierophany\u00bb that reestablished a cosmic order and confirmed what was already germinating in the intuitions of the philosopher-king Nezahualc\u00f3yotl of Texcoco, but also in the depths of a complex culture such as the Mesoamerican one (the famous \u00abSemina Verbi de Ad Gentes\u00bb 11): between 9 and 10 million spontaneous, unforced conversions following the apparitions of 1531. Centuries later, John Paul II would summarize this phenomenon by defining Guadalupe as \u00abthe first example of perfectly inculturated evangelization.\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That is why there is a very common saying in Mexico: a Mexican may not be Christian, but he is a Guadalupano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This hierophany creates, in fact, a new center (but using the same geographical and cultural center, Tenochtitl\u00e1n) that is fully transcultural: neither solely Spanish nor solely Mexica, but Mexican, making \u00abthe two into one people.\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ipalnemohuani and Yahwe: different languages, one concept<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When I first heard about Guadalupe, and especially about the name Ipalnemohuani, \u00abHe through whom we live,\u00bb knowing Hebrew, I immediately thought of a parallel: Ipalnemohuani is the exact translation of the Hebrew Yahweh, which derives from the verb h\u2013y(w)\u2013h and means to be\/live in a causative form: not only \u00abI am,\u00bb but also \u00abI cause to be\/exist.\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similarly, Ipalnemohuani contains the Nahuatl verb nemohua, \u00abto live,\u00bb with the prefix ipal, which indicates a vital, causative relationship: \u00abthat through which one lives, which sustains life and being.\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The apparitions of Guadalupe are, therefore, a revelation (and a discovery) of a meaning already contained, albeit in embryonic form, in the Mesoamerican mentality, whose language, Nahuatl (defined as \u00abcopious, elegant, highly artificial\u00bb by Fray Alonso de Molina), holds, like Hebrew, a treasure trove of complexity and symbolic meanings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mexican Spanish also retains traces of Nahuatl in affectionate forms (casita, mamita) and polite forms (ustedes), a discreet sign of a language that has its roots in Nahuatl and of a cross-cultural phenomenon, such as that of Guadalupe, which has created a new people who, sometimes without knowing it, continue to be neltiliztli tlacatl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">I would like to conclude this article with the words of Nezahualc\u00f3yotl (1402\u20131472):<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No one can, down here,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No one can be a friend<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From the giver of life:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He can only be invoked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But alongside him,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Along with him,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">you can live on earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Whoever finds it,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can only know this: He is invoked,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">next to him, with him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can live on earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No one is really your friend,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O Giver of Life!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alone as if among the flowers<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">we were looking for someone,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">that's how we look for you,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">we who live on earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">while we are with you,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is as if Nezahualc\u00f3yotl, long before Guadalupe, had sensed that the true God does not dominate, but accompanies: \u00abtogether with him, with him, one can live on earth.\u00bb.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rudolf Otto, gran estudioso del fen\u00f3meno religioso \u2014as\u00ed como otros expertos como Eliade, Durkheim y Voegelin\u2014 considera que lo sagrado es el origen mismo de las civilizaciones, porque da forma al espacio (de \u00abk\u00e1os\u00bb a \u00abk\u00f3smos\u00bb), regula el tiempo, legitima el poder pol\u00edtico (pensemos en la figura del soberano sagrado en las civilizaciones antiguas y [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2244,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[549,548],"tags":[1049,1048],"class_list":["post-55862","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-evangelizacion","category-foco","tag-mexico","tag-virgen-de-guadalupe"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - 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