{"id":64557,"date":"2026-09-18T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-18T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/?p=64557"},"modified":"2026-09-18T09:56:50","modified_gmt":"2026-09-18T07:56:50","slug":"5-thinkers-confronting-totalitarianism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/en\/actualidad\/5-pensadores-ante-el-totalitarismo\/","title":{"rendered":"5 Thinkers Confronting Totalitarianism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A few days ago, I suddenly came across a post on Network X that said the following: <strong>\"<\/strong>\u00bbThe only obstacle to the idolatry of totalitarianism is an authentic spiritual life. If children are not taught to think about God, they will become fascists or communists out of a need to devote themselves to something\u201d (Simone Weil).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It caught my attention, and that was the inspiration for these lines on the uses of power and totalitarianism. I contacted the author of the short text, Ana Marta Gonzalez (@anamartagg), a professor of moral philosophy at the University of Navarra, and suggested the idea of featuring some philosophers and thinkers who had reflected on totalitarianism; she then wrote a few lines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, Ana Marta G\u00f3nzalez has been a full member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences since 2016, and this year she organized the Academy\u2019s plenary session in Rome, with a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pass.va\/en\/events\/2026\/2026_plenary_session\/final_statement.html\">final statement<\/a> on the topic \u201cThe Uses of Power: Democracy, Legitimacy, and the Rewriting of the International Order.\u201d Pope Leo XIV addressed them with a message, as you can see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pass.va\/en\/magisterium\/leo-xiv\/2026-14-april.html\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We reached an agreement on the thinkers. In the end, the professor focused on Hannah Arendt, Tocqueville, Popper, and Simone Weil. For my part, I added the German-Korean philosopher Byung-Chul Han, as you\u2019ll see below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Church cannot remain passive or indifferent&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Can the Church speak out against totalitarianism, or is that a case of biting off more than it can chew? The answer comes from Leo XIV, who this month commented on the Second Vatican Council\u2019s *Gaudium et spes*: \u201cThe Church cannot remain passive or indifferent to what is happening in the world, but is \u201dcalled to walk with humanity,\u2019\u201d he stated on September 2.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWe cannot remain \u201cdisinterested spectators,\u201d\u201c he added. Believers are called to take on the burdens of their brothers and sisters, \u201despecially those who are oppressed by injustice, discrimination, and violence.\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And what\u2019s happening in the world? Undoubtedly, many things, as described by the Pope himself in \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/en\/news\/magnifica-humanitas-full-text\/\">Magnifica humanitas<\/a>\u201d. One of them is that, worldwide, autocracies (92) outnumber democracies (87), and we are living in an era of global democratic regression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Only 7 percent of the world's population lives under democratic regimes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now, \u201conly 7 percent live under regimes that can be considered full liberal democracies, while 74 percent now live in autocracies; and many of those regimes that call themselves democracies do not meet some of their fundamental criteria,\u201d notes a report by the V-Dem Institute, cited in the final statement of the Academy of Social Sciences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same statement emphasizes that \u201cwe have learned not only that democracy is not an irreversible achievement, but also that the shift from democracy toward authoritarianism does not always take the form of a sudden and violent overthrow, such as a military coup. While this still occurs in some countries, it more often takes place through the use of existing procedures, by weakening the system and exercising power without constitutional checks and balances or ethical limits.\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"920\" height=\"526\" src=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/SimoneWeilOk.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-64558\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/SimoneWeilOk.jpg 920w, https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/SimoneWeilOk-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/SimoneWeilOk-700x400.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/SimoneWeilOk-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/SimoneWeilOk-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/SimoneWeilOk-600x343.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Simone Weil.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Warnings from Thinkers<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to philosopher Ana Marta Gonz\u00e1lez, these thinkers \u201cshed light on the situation from different perspectives.\u201d They are as follows.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Alexis de Tocqueville \u201c<\/strong>\u2018He speaks of \u201dsoft despotism\u201c and \u201dwarns of the dangers of a regime that values equality without offering the counterbalance of freedom through citizen participation,'\" says Gonz\u00e1lez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In that sense, \u201che is a classical liberal, in his view, although he highlights an idea that Arendt develops in her own way: the atomization of society and the lack of social ties weaken individuals\u201d freedom and leave them defenseless against the power of the state\u2026.\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In general terms, according to various authors, the proposals for <strong>Tocqueville<\/strong> <strong>(1805-1859)<\/strong> The defenses against totalitarianism include freedom of association, civil society organizations, decentralization, the press, and civic participation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Arendt: \u201cThe<\/strong> <strong>\u201dA totalitarian system seeks total domination.\"<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2 and 3.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/en\/signatures\/god-in-hannah-arendt\/\"><strong>Hanna Arendt<\/strong><\/a> (<strong>o<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/en\/news\/culture\/simone-weil-poet-before-philosopher\/\"><strong>Simone Weil<\/strong><\/a>), according to Professor Ana Marta Gonz\u00e1lez, \u201cthey could go on to say: it uproots (individuals), makes them vulnerable to propaganda\u2026\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The quote from <strong>Weil<\/strong> <strong>(1909-1943)<\/strong>, \u201cI took it directly from her book *Echar ra\u00edces*,\u201d the professor explains. \u201cThe term \u201dtotalitarianism\u2019 was used in the 1920s to refer to fascism, and later it was used to draw comparisons with Nazism and communism.\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For Arendt <strong>(<\/strong><strong>1906-1975)<\/strong>, totalitarianism is not simply a particularly cruel dictatorship. A tyrant may eliminate opponents, rule arbitrarily, abolish freedoms, and enforce obedience, but he still rules over human beings whom he seeks to subjugate.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In contrast, \u201cArendt argues that the totalitarian system renders human beings \u00absuperfluous\u00bb and interchangeable. She considers such regimes to be specifically modern; they presuppose uprooted masses, all-encompassing ideologies, modern techniques of organization, bureaucracy, and propaganda. \u201dIt is characteristic of the totalitarian system to seek total domination over all spheres of life,\u2019 the philosopher explains.\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"593\" src=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KarlPopperOk.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-64559\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KarlPopperOk.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KarlPopperOk-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KarlPopperOk-300x297.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KarlPopperOk-12x12.jpg 12w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Karl Popper in 1990 (Lucinda Douglas-Menzies, Wikimedia Commons).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Karl Popper<\/strong> <strong>(1902-1994)<\/strong> She wrote *The Open Society and Its Enemies* shortly before Arendt and Weil, but \u2018her approach is different: from an epistemological perspective, she simply means that no one has sufficient knowledge to rationally design the social whole\u2026,\u00a0 which is why our way of life must leave the door open to criticism and institutional reform,\u2019 the scholar emphasizes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Popper criticizes the closed society and defends the open society; \u201cbut it is important not to confuse the open society with the rootless society, which Weil criticizes.\u201d Other authors mention gradual reforms\u2014what Popper called \u201cfragmentary social engineering\u201d\u2014as opposed to revolutionary utopias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. <strong>Byung-Chul Han<\/strong> <strong>(1959-)<\/strong>, a German philosopher of South Korean origin and recipient of the 2025 Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities, focuses not so much on classical totalitarianism as on contemporary forms of control, self-exploitation, surveillance, mandatory transparency, social media, and the manipulation of attention. His proposals, as you can see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/en\/focus\/the-surprising-proposals-of-byung-chul-han\/\">here<\/a>, are aimed at reclaiming inner freedom, contemplation, and spaces not subject to digital control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Byung-Chul Han has written, for example, that \u201ctoday\u2019s addicted society is a society without attention. Perception is controlled by addiction and dopamine. Addiction and attention are opposing forces.\u201d Or also: \u201cSocial media uses addictive algorithms to make people dependent, to control and direct them. The smartphone is a digital machine of addiction.\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hace unos d\u00edas, encontr\u00e9 de repente un post en la red X, que dec\u00eda lo siguiente: \u201cEl \u00fanico obst\u00e1culo para la idolatr\u00eda del totalitarismo consiste en una vida espiritual aut\u00e9ntica. Si no se acostumbra a los ni\u00f1os a pensar en Dios, se har\u00e1n fascistas o comunistas por necesidad de consagrarse a algo\u00bb (Simone Weil)\u201d. Me [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2425,"featured_media":64560,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[36,46],"tags":[2896,2894],"class_list":["post-64557","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualidad","category-mundo","tag-pensadores","tag-totalitarismo"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>5 pensadores ante el totalitarismo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Algunas ideas de grandes pensadores como Hannah Arendt, Tocqueville, Popper y Weil para prevenir los totalitarismos.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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