{"id":32157,"date":"2023-07-02T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-07-02T03:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/omnesmag.com\/?p=32157"},"modified":"2023-06-30T19:22:26","modified_gmt":"2023-06-30T18:22:26","slug":"livre-sur-lamerique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/fr\/actualidad\/libro-en-torno-a-america\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00a0\"Autour de l'Am\u00e9rique. Conqu\u00eate et \u00e9vang\u00e9lisation\"."},"content":{"rendered":"

En 1492, Christophe Colomb arrive avec trois caravelles sur le continent am\u00e9ricain, provoquant l'un des \u00e9v\u00e9nements les plus importants de l'histoire : la rencontre entre les cultures indig\u00e8ne et europ\u00e9enne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deux visions diff\u00e9rentes du monde, sur lesquelles beaucoup de choses ont \u00e9t\u00e9 dites, \u00e9crites et discut\u00e9es lors d'un petit-d\u00e9jeuner avec des diplomates et des journalistes \u00e0 l'occasion de la pr\u00e9sentation d'un livre qui a eu lieu le 28 juin 2023 dans le b\u00e2timent San Calixto du Vatican, au si\u00e8ge de la Fundaci\u00f3n Promoci\u00f3n Social.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\"En torno a Am\u00e9rica. Conqu\u00eate et \u00e9vang\u00e9lisation\" est le titre du livre publi\u00e9 cette ann\u00e9e, qui offre une vision qui \"ne co\u00efncide ni avec la l\u00e9gende noire ni avec la l\u00e9gende dor\u00e9e\", comme le dit son auteur, le professeur de l'Universit\u00e9 de la Sainte-Croix \u00e0 Rome, Mgr. Mariano Fazio<\/a>lors de l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement organis\u00e9 par Mediatrends America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans ce volume d'un peu plus de 200 pages, le professeur d'histoire et de philosophie cite un grand nombre de documents, dans lesquels \"une histoire pleine de vertus et de bassesses est racont\u00e9e, car telle est la condition humaine\", a-t-il ajout\u00e9. Il a \u00e9galement approfondi deux aspects : \"la conqu\u00eate arm\u00e9e et ses finalit\u00e9s (or, honneur, foi) d'une part, et l'\u00e9vang\u00e9lisation et les courants doctrinaux et pastoraux qui ont d\u00e9clench\u00e9 l'annonce \u00e9vang\u00e9lique d'autre part\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lorsque le sujet est abord\u00e9, explique l'auteur, deux extr\u00eames sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement id\u00e9alis\u00e9s, allant de la vision de l'aum\u00f4nier de Hern\u00e1n Cortez, L\u00f3pez de Gomara, \"pour qui tout \u00e9tait parfait\", aux chroniques de Bartolom\u00e9 de las Casas, selon qui l'Am\u00e9rique d'avant Christophe Colomb \"\u00e9tait un paradis\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En revendiquant de tels absolus, on \u00e9vite des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes tels que le cannibalisme et les sacrifices humains, mais aussi les \"Requerimientos\" qui for\u00e7aient les Indiens \u00e0 \u00e9couter les pr\u00eaches, ou l'inquisition avec ses si\u00e8ges \u00e0 Lima, Carthag\u00e8ne et Mexico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"L'exclusivisme n'est pas une bonne \u00e9cole historique, qu'il soit fond\u00e9 sur la race, l'\u00e9conomie, la religion ou d'autres facteurs, car les motivations sont diverses\", a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Mgr Fazio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En expliquant la p\u00e9riode historique, l'auteur rappelle que \"dans la Renaissance, chacun veut mettre son nom sur son propre nom, contrairement au Moyen-\u00c2ge\", marquant ainsi ses actions d'un fort d\u00e9sir de pro\u00e9minence. Malgr\u00e9 cela, les documents cit\u00e9s dans le livre indiquent ind\u00e9niablement que la \"politique officielle de la Couronne de Castille \u00e9tait l'\u00e9vang\u00e9lisation\", ce qui n'a pas emp\u00each\u00e9 la recherche d'or et de tr\u00e9sors dans les nouveaux territoires. Sans parler d'une difficult\u00e9 \"que nous ne comprenons pas aujourd'hui : l'union entre le tr\u00f4ne et l'autel\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\"Il y a eu des erreurs \u00e9videntes, mais ils n'ont pas voulu imposer la mentalit\u00e9 espagnole. enculturer<\/em>comme le d\u00e9montre le mestizaje\", a-t-il expliqu\u00e9. Il a \u00e9galement rappel\u00e9 le travail des franciscains, des augustins, des merc\u00e9daires et, plus tard, des j\u00e9suites, qui ont essay\u00e9 d'apprendre les langues et de comprendre la mentalit\u00e9 des indig\u00e8nes, avec de nombreux r\u00e9sultats positifs, comme au Paraguay, un pays bilingue, o\u00f9 l'on a voulu pr\u00e9server la langue guarani.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'historien a soulign\u00e9 qu'il n'y avait pas eu d'ethnocide, c'est-\u00e0-dire de volont\u00e9 de d\u00e9truire les cultures, et que c'est une loi de l'histoire - m\u00eame si certains na\u00effs veulent l'ignorer - que toutes les cultures \u00e9voluent avec le temps. Le purisme pr\u00e9colombien n'existe pas et il l'a illustr\u00e9 par un \u00e9v\u00e9nement r\u00e9cent : la finale de la Coupe du monde entre son pays, l'Argentine, et la France, o\u00f9 un grand nombre de joueurs \"aussi fran\u00e7ais que De Gaulle\", a-t-il dit, \u00e9taient d'origine africaine.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Autour de l'Am\u00e9rique. Conqu\u00eate et \u00e9vang\u00e9lisation<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t
Auteur<\/strong>Mariano Fazio<\/div>
Editorial<\/strong>Le projet : El Buey Mudo<\/div>
Pages<\/strong>: 218<\/div>
Madrid<\/strong>: 2023<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Parmi les points tr\u00e8s positifs, il a rappel\u00e9 un personnage du XVIe si\u00e8cle, Francisco de Victoria, \u00e0 Salamanque, et ses consid\u00e9rations sur le caract\u00e8re non appropri\u00e9 de la \"donation\" papale comme motivation pour la conqu\u00eate de l'Am\u00e9rique. Il a \u00e9galement cit\u00e9 le trait\u00e9 de Tordesillas, le premier trait\u00e9 international bilat\u00e9ral sans l'intervention d'un pape. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'auteur rappelle le travail de Fray Ant\u00f3n Montesinos, le premier \u00e0 avoir d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 publiquement les mauvais traitements inflig\u00e9s aux populations indig\u00e8nes, qui a initi\u00e9 une action durable pour les pr\u00e9venir, et qui a influenc\u00e9 Fray Bartolom\u00e9 de las Casas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le petit-d\u00e9jeuner de travail s'est conclu par des questions et des r\u00e9ponses sur les capitulations, le contrat que chaque conquistador a sign\u00e9 avec la Couronne, le quinto real, les guerres civiles entre Pizaro et Almagro, les cultures existantes qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 affect\u00e9es n\u00e9gativement par l'arriv\u00e9e des Europ\u00e9ens et l'\u00e9tablissement des vice-royaut\u00e9s. L'un des ambassadeurs a \u00e9galement demand\u00e9 ce qui se serait pass\u00e9 si les Espagnols n'\u00e9taient pas arriv\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

En 1492 Cristobal Col\u00f3n lleg\u00f3 con tres carabelas al continente americano y produciendo uno de los eventos m\u00e1s importantes de la historia: el encuentro entre las culturas aut\u00f3ctonas y la europea. Dos visiones diversas del mundo sobre las que se ha hablado, escrito mucho y que fueron objeto de debate en un desayuno de trabajo […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":32159,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[36,39,45],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32157","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualidad","category-cultura","category-libros"],"yoast_head":"\n\u201cEn torno a Am\u00e9rica. 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