{"id":33465,"date":"2023-11-12T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-12T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/omnesmag.com\/?p=33465"},"modified":"2023-08-31T09:58:29","modified_gmt":"2023-08-31T07:58:29","slug":"lermite-san-millan-et-le-berceau-de-la-langue-espagnole","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/fr\/actualidad\/el-eremita-san-millan-y-la-cuna-del-espanol\/","title":{"rendered":"L'ermite San Mill\u00e1n et le berceau de la langue espagnole"},"content":{"rendered":"

San Mill\u00e1n est n\u00e9 \u00e0 Berceo (aujourd'hui ville de La Rioja) en 473 apr\u00e8s J\u00e9sus-Christ. \u00c0 cette \u00e9poque, dans la p\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique, d\u00e9j\u00e0 christianis\u00e9e, cohabitaient les Hispano-Romains et les Wisigoths r\u00e9cemment arriv\u00e9s. Euric r\u00e9gnait alors, mais la longue vie de San Mill\u00e1n s'\u00e9tendit sur 10 r\u00e8gnes, puisqu'il v\u00e9cut 101 ans, de 473 \u00e0 574.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Berger \u00e0 Berceo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Issu d'une famille hispano-romaine et paysanne, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 berger jusqu'\u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 20 ans. Il d\u00e9cida alors d'embrasser la vie religieuse et quitta Berceo pour \u00e9tudier avec l'anachor\u00e8te Saint Felices de Bilibio. Par la suite, il devint ermite et retourna dans sa r\u00e9gion natale, se retirant dans des grottes qui se trouvent aujourd'hui dans le village de San Mill\u00e1n de la Cogolla (un village qui n'existait pas \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque et qui s'est form\u00e9 parce que de nombreuses personnes sont venues s'y installer \u00e0 cause du saint).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saint Mill\u00e1n, ermite<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

R\u00e9put\u00e9 saint gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses miracles, il eut rapidement des disciples qui form\u00e8rent une communaut\u00e9 dans les grottes voisines, hommes et femmes, comme par exemple saint Citonato, saint Sophronius, sainte Oria (Gonzalo de Berceo a \u00e9crit le po\u00e8me \"Vida de Santa Oria\") et sainte Potamia, qui donne aujourd'hui son nom \u00e0 l'une des rues du village.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Tombes des Infants de Lara \u00e0 Suso<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

En raison de l'augmentation du nombre de fid\u00e8les, une \u00e9glise wisigothique a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 des grottes, qui a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 agrandie \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque mozarabe. Cette \u00e9glise \u00e9tait polychrome, mais en 1002, Almanzor y mit le feu et il ne reste aujourd'hui que quelques petits vestiges de cette d\u00e9coration. De l'\u00e9glise d'origine, on peut encore voir un autel wisigothique du VIe si\u00e8cle, le plus ancien conserv\u00e9 dans la p\u00e9ninsule et dans la majeure partie de l'Occident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Premi\u00e8res traces d'espagnol<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L'actuel monast\u00e8re de Suso, \u00e0 San Mill\u00e1n de la Cogolla, est construit dans les grottes o\u00f9 v\u00e9cut saint Mill\u00e1n. C'est l\u00e0 qu'ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9dig\u00e9es les fameuses gloses \u00e9miliennes, premier t\u00e9moignage \u00e9crit de la langue espagnole, clarifications du texte latin qu'un moine copiste anonyme a \u00e9crites en langue romane dans la marge droite du codex. Certains mots basques apparaissent \u00e9galement dans ces gloses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 sa mort, en 574, saint Mill\u00e1n fut enterr\u00e9 \u00e0 Suso, et ses restes y rest\u00e8rent jusqu'en 1053, lorsque le roi Garc\u00eda d\u00e9cida de le transf\u00e9rer \u00e0 Santa Mar\u00eda La Real de N\u00e1jera, qui venait d'\u00eatre fond\u00e9e. Cependant, selon la tradition, les b\u0153ufs qui transportaient le chariot fun\u00e9raire s'effondr\u00e8rent lorsqu'ils atteignirent la vall\u00e9e, et il n'y avait plus moyen de les faire avancer. Le roi interpr\u00e9ta cela comme un signe que le corps du saint ne devait pas quitter la vall\u00e9e, et le monast\u00e8re de Yuso fut construit, o\u00f9 les restes de San Mill\u00e1n sont conserv\u00e9s jusqu'\u00e0 aujourd'hui. Les deux monast\u00e8res ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9clar\u00e9s Patrimoine mondial<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En raison du transfert, un c\u00e9notaphe comm\u00e9moratif en alb\u00e2tre noir a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9 au monast\u00e8re de Suso au XIIe si\u00e8cle, dans lequel sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s plusieurs personnages, dont Saint Braulio, \u00e9v\u00eaque de Saragosse et premier biographe de San Mill\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gonzalo de Berceo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le monast\u00e8re de Suso est devenu un important centre culturel. Au XIIe si\u00e8cle, un gar\u00e7on appel\u00e9 Gonzalo, n\u00e9, comme San Mill\u00e1n, \u00e0 Berceo, s'y rendit pour y \u00eatre \u00e9duqu\u00e9. Il s'agit de Gonzalo de Berceo, le premier po\u00e8te connu \u00e0 avoir \u00e9crit ses \u0153uvres en langue romane et non en latin. C'est pourquoi ce lieu est connu comme le \"berceau\" de la langue espagnole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les restes (\u00e0 l'exception des t\u00eates) des sept enfants de Lara reposent \u00e9galement \u00e0 Suso, ainsi que ceux de leur ayo, Don Nu\u00f1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La \"Cueva de Cuaresma\" (grotte de car\u00eame), o\u00f9 Saint Mill\u00e1n se rendait pendant le car\u00eame pour je\u00fbner et faire p\u00e9nitence, a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 conserv\u00e9e. On peut \u00e9galement y voir les tombes de nobles qui souhaitaient \u00eatre enterr\u00e9s pr\u00e8s du saint. Dans une autre partie du petit monast\u00e8re sont conserv\u00e9s les ossements des p\u00e8lerins d'antan retrouv\u00e9s dans la vall\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Monast\u00e8re de Suso<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Suso et Yuso<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd'hui, le monast\u00e8re de Suso n'abrite ni moines ni ermites : le petit b\u00e2timent est rest\u00e9 au sommet de la colline comme une relique architecturale, historique, culturelle et religieuse. En revanche, le monast\u00e8re de Yuso abrite toujours une communaut\u00e9 de moines augustins qui pr\u00e9servent le culte religieux du lieu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

San Mill\u00e1n naci\u00f3 en Berceo (actualmente, una localidad de La Rioja) en el a\u00f1o 473 d. C. En aquella \u00e9poca, en la Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica, ya cristianizada, conviv\u00edan los hispanorromanos y los reci\u00e9n llegados visigodos. Reinaba por aquel entonces Eurico, aunque la larga vida de san Mill\u00e1n abarc\u00f3 10 reinados, ya que vivi\u00f3 101 a\u00f1os, del […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2425,"featured_media":33466,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[36,39],"tags":[8],"class_list":["post-33465","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualidad","category-cultura","tag-santos"],"yoast_head":"\nEl eremita san Mill\u00e1n y la cuna del espa\u00f1ol - Omnes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El 12 de noviembre se celebra San Mill\u00e1n, un santo del siglo V-VI d. C. 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