{"id":41237,"date":"2024-08-27T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-08-27T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/omnesmag.com\/?p=41237"},"modified":"2024-08-23T13:41:50","modified_gmt":"2024-08-23T11:41:50","slug":"cathedrale-de-spire-plus-grande-eglise-romane-du-monde","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/fr\/actualidad\/catedral-de-espira-iglesia-romanica-mas-grande-del-mundo\/","title":{"rendered":"La cath\u00e9drale de Spire, la plus grande \u00e9glise romane du monde"},"content":{"rendered":"
La cath\u00e9drale de Spire est la plus grande \u00e9glise romane du monde. D\u00e9di\u00e9e \u00e0 la Vierge Marie et au protomartyr saint \u00c9tienne, son image miraculeuse en a fait un lieu de p\u00e8lerinage important dans le dioc\u00e8se. C'est devant cette image que saint Bernard de Clairvaux aurait ajout\u00e9 les invocations \"o clemens, o pia, o dulcis virgo Maria\" \u00e0 l'hymne \"Salve Regina\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00e9truite par les troupes r\u00e9volutionnaires fran\u00e7aises en 1794, le pape Pie XI a offert une nouvelle image de p\u00e8lerinage en 1930. Sainte Edith Stein et le pape Jean-Paul II, par exemple, ont pri\u00e9 devant elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
La construction de la cath\u00e9drale de Spire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
L'ambitieux projet de cath\u00e9drale a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9 par le roi et futur empereur Conrad II vers 1025. Il ordonna la construction de la cath\u00e9drale imp\u00e9riale et de la cath\u00e9drale Sainte-Marie \u00e0 Spire, pour laquelle un canal fut construit de la for\u00eat du Palatinat au Rhin afin de transporter les pierres et le bois n\u00e9cessaires. Malgr\u00e9 ces efforts, ni Conrad II (990-1036) ni son fils Henri III (1017-1056) n'ont vu l'ach\u00e8vement de la cath\u00e9drale de leur vivant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Henri III fit don des \"\u00c9vangiles de Spire\", un ouvrage illustr\u00e9 des quatre \u00c9vangiles, pour la cons\u00e9cration du ma\u00eetre-autel en 1046. L'ensemble de l'\u00e9difice fut consacr\u00e9 en 1061, sous le r\u00e8gne de son petit-fils Henri IV (1050-1106). Cependant, \u00e0 peine 20 ans plus tard, Henri IV ordonne la d\u00e9molition de la moiti\u00e9 de la cath\u00e9drale pour la reconstruire plus grande. Seules quelques parties, dont l'ancienne crypte, sont rest\u00e9es intactes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
En 1106, ann\u00e9e de la mort d'Henri IV, la nouvelle cath\u00e9drale fut achev\u00e9e avec une longueur de 134 m\u00e8tres et une largeur de 33 m\u00e8tres, ce qui en fait l'un des plus grands \u00e9difices de l'\u00e9poque.<\/p>\n\n\n
\nFa\u00e7ade de la cath\u00e9drale de Spire (Wikimedia Commons \/ BlueBreezeWiki)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Une architecture unique<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Le plan de la basilique est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par l'\u00e9quilibre entre les parties orientale et occidentale et les tours sym\u00e9triques qui encadrent la structure form\u00e9e par la nef et le transept. L'\u00e9difice est devenu la premi\u00e8re \u00e9glise enti\u00e8rement vo\u00fbt\u00e9e d'Europe en 1077, \u00e0 la demande d'Henri IV. Sa structure a influenc\u00e9 le d\u00e9veloppement de l'architecture romane aux XIe et XIIe si\u00e8cles ; son plan a \u00e9t\u00e9 fr\u00e9quemment adopt\u00e9, en particulier en Rh\u00e9nanie. La vo\u00fbte de la nef centrale est la premi\u00e8re de cette taille depuis l'Antiquit\u00e9, avec un syst\u00e8me de vo\u00fbte sp\u00e9cifique dans lequel deux trav\u00e9es d'un bas-c\u00f4t\u00e9 correspondent \u00e0 chaque trav\u00e9e de la nef centrale. La cath\u00e9drale de Spire est \u00e9galement la premi\u00e8re \u00e9glise dot\u00e9e d'une galerie naine enti\u00e8rement entour\u00e9e et accessible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
La crypte, qui date de la premi\u00e8re phase de construction et a probablement \u00e9t\u00e9 consacr\u00e9e en 1043, est particuli\u00e8rement remarquable. Elle s'\u00e9tend sous l'ensemble du ch\u0153ur et du transept. Quatre sections de salles se rejoignent pour former un large vestibule-crypte de pr\u00e8s de sept m\u00e8tres de haut. L'alternance des arcs en gr\u00e8s rouge et jaune symbolise l'ordre divin qui structure la vie chr\u00e9tienne.<\/p>\n\n\n
\nVo\u00fbte de la cath\u00e9drale de Spire <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Destructions et restaurations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Au cours de l'histoire, la cath\u00e9drale a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9truite \u00e0 plusieurs reprises. Pendant la guerre de succession du Palatinat, Spire fut occup\u00e9e par les troupes fran\u00e7aises en 1688 et la cath\u00e9drale br\u00fbla en 1689, faisant s'effondrer de grandes parties de l'\u00e9difice. Cependant, les tombes des Saliens, \u00e0 l'exception de celle d'Henri V, ont surv\u00e9cu gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leur profondeur. Une image pr\u00e9cieuse de la Vierge Marie, conserv\u00e9e dans un reliquaire, a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 sauv\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
En 1773, la basilique a \u00e9t\u00e9 restaur\u00e9e dans ses dimensions d'origine par Franz Ignaz Michael Neumann, qui a redessin\u00e9 le b\u00e2timent occidental dans le style baroque. Entre 1846 et 1853, la cath\u00e9drale fut d\u00e9cor\u00e9e de peintures de Johann Schraudolph command\u00e9es par le roi Louis Ier de Bavi\u00e8re. Entre 1854 et 1858, la fa\u00e7ade baroque a \u00e9t\u00e9 enlev\u00e9e et reconstruite dans le style roman selon les plans de Heinrich H\u00fcbsch. Ces modifications structurelles et ces restaurations t\u00e9moignent des pratiques de conservation des monuments au XIXe si\u00e8cle, m\u00eame si certaines d\u00e9cisions sont aujourd'hui per\u00e7ues d'un \u0153il critique. En m\u00eame temps, le b\u00e2timent est d'une grande importance pour le d\u00e9veloppement des principes de restauration en Allemagne, en Europe et dans le monde apr\u00e8s l'incendie du XVIIe si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cath\u00e9drale de Spire, inscrite au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
La cath\u00e9drale a \u00e9t\u00e9 inscrite sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO en 1981, soulignant ainsi son importance pour l'histoire allemande. Les travaux de conservation ont \u00e9t\u00e9 soutenus par la Fondation allemande pour la protection des monuments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
La cath\u00e9drale de Spire ne t\u00e9moigne pas seulement de l'art et de l'architecture romane, mais aussi de l'histoire tumultueuse et des vicissitudes qu'elle a connues au cours des si\u00e8cles. Quatre empereurs (Conrad II, Henri III, Henri IV et Henri V), trois imp\u00e9ratrices (Gisela, \u00e9pouse de Conrad II, Beatrix, seconde \u00e9pouse de Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ier Barberousse, et Agn\u00e8s, sa fille), ainsi que des rois des maisons de Habsbourg, de Staufen et de Nassau y sont enterr\u00e9s. La cath\u00e9drale est donc le lieu de s\u00e9pulture le plus important du Moyen \u00c2ge sur le sol allemand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Depuis sa conception sous Conrad II jusqu'\u00e0 la restauration et la pr\u00e9servation modernes, la cath\u00e9drale a surv\u00e9cu aux guerres, aux incendies et aux changements de style, devenant un symbole durable du patrimoine culturel et religieux de l'Allemagne.<\/p>\n\n\n
\nStatue du roi Adolf de Nassau (Wikimedia Commons \/ Berthold Werner)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
La catedral de Espira (\u201cSpeyer\u201d en alem\u00e1n) es la iglesia rom\u00e1nica de mayores dimensiones del mundo. Dedicada a la Virgen Mar\u00eda y al protom\u00e1rtir San Esteban, su imagen milagrosa la convirti\u00f3 en un importante lugar de peregrinaci\u00f3n de la di\u00f3cesis. Se dice que San Bernardo de Claraval a\u00f1adi\u00f3 las invocaciones \u201co clemens, o pia, o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":399,"featured_media":41238,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[36,39],"tags":[609],"class_list":["post-41237","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualidad","category-cultura","tag-alemania"],"yoast_head":"\n
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