{"id":58013,"date":"2026-02-06T06:33:00","date_gmt":"2026-02-06T05:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/?p=58013"},"modified":"2026-02-09T23:57:32","modified_gmt":"2026-02-09T22:57:32","slug":"que-sabes-sobre-iran-5-respuestas-sobre-el-regimen-de-los-ayatolas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/fr\/actualidad\/que-sabes-sobre-iran-5-respuestas-sobre-el-regimen-de-los-ayatolas\/","title":{"rendered":"Que savez-vous de l'Iran\u00a0? 5 r\u00e9ponses sur le r\u00e9gime des ayatollahs"},"content":{"rendered":"

Aimeriez-vous r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 un quiz de cinq questions, une sorte de mini-jeu de questions-r\u00e9ponses, sur la R\u00e9publique islamique d'Iran\u00a0? Si vous avez lu la s\u00e9rie<\/a> Dans Omnes, de l'\u00e9crivain et historien Gerardo Ferrara, publi\u00e9 d\u00e9but 2024, c'est plus facile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si vous ne l'avez pas encore fait, ou si vous envisagez de le faire, vous pourriez \u00e9galement prendre en consid\u00e9ration la derni\u00e8re contribution de Javier Gil, chercheur \u00e0 l'Institut pour la culture et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 (ICS) et professeur de relations internationales \u00e0 l'Universit\u00e9 de Navarre. L'ouvrage s'intitule \u2018 L'ombre de l'ayatollah \u2019 et est publi\u00e9 par [Nom de l'\u00e9diteur]. Citadelle<\/a> Les livres. Leur importance est \u00e9vidente.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les travaux de Gerardo Ferrara, plus concis, et de Javier Gil sont compl\u00e9mentaires, bien que ce dernier apporte, outre son accent historique marqu\u00e9, la variable g\u00e9opolitique au Moyen-Orient, compte tenu de sa sp\u00e9cialisation dans la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaine dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Puisqu'il ne s'agit pas d'une critique conventionnelle, commen\u00e7ons. questions et r\u00e9ponses<\/strong>, que nous avons synth\u00e9tis\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de l'analyse du chercheur de l'ICS dans son livre sur l'Iran, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e lors de son expos\u00e9 sur le campus de l'Universit\u00e9 de Navarre en d\u00e9cembre, et dans des contributions s\u00e9par\u00e9es en janvier dans 'El Mundo' et sur des stations telles que RNE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. <\/strong>Que se passe-t-il en Iran ? <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Trois ans apr\u00e8s le dernier grand soul\u00e8vement populaire contre le r\u00e9gime (2022), les Iraniens sont descendus dans la rue. Le m\u00e9contentement \u00e9conomique alimente ces manifestations, qui r\u00e9clament le renversement de la R\u00e9publique islamique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00e9gime iranien, qui s'\u00e9tait \u00e9tabli gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un soutien populaire massif, se maintient aujourd'hui par la violence face \u00e0 une opposition qui semble repr\u00e9senter la majorit\u00e9 de la population. Lors des derni\u00e8res \u00e9lections de 2024, le taux de participation a p\u00e9niblement atteint 39,91 % \u00e0 l'\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle et 41 % aux \u00e9lections l\u00e9gislatives. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u00c0 quoi ressemble la r\u00e9pression du r\u00e9gime jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent ?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Selon les organisations de d\u00e9fense des droits humains, le bilan des morts s'\u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00e0 plusieurs milliers, avec des milliers de bless\u00e9s et des milliers de personnes d\u00e9tenues. Le gouvernement iranien fait \u00e9tat de plus de 3\u00a0000 d\u00e9c\u00e8s, un chiffre que l'ONU et ses agences ont largement revu \u00e0 la hausse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par ailleurs, le r\u00e9gime a pris des mesures exceptionnelles telles que la coupure d'internet et des lignes t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques, qui sont en cours de r\u00e9tablissement partiel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Des manifestants se rassemblent devant la porte de Brandebourg \u00e0 Berlin le 11 janvier 2026, sous le slogan \u00ab\u00a0Soutien \u00e0 l'Iran \u2013 Soutien \u00e0 la libert\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb, en soutien aux manifestations nationales en Iran. (Photo\u00a0: OSV News\/Lisi Niesner, Reuters).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3. Combien de manifestations majeures ont eu lieu depuis la r\u00e9volution iranienne de 1979 ?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, voici ce qu'il en a \u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Premi\u00e8rement) \u00c9t\u00e9 1999. Les forces du r\u00e9gime ont pris d'assaut le campus de l'universit\u00e9 de T\u00e9h\u00e9ran. Des centaines de personnes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 bless\u00e9es et arr\u00eat\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deuxi\u00e8mement) En 2009. Deuxi\u00e8me p\u00e9riode majeure de troubles sociaux. Les candidats de l'opposition aux \u00e9lections pr\u00e9sidentielles ont men\u00e9 des manifestations qui ont finalement donn\u00e9 naissance au Mouvement vert. Lutte entre r\u00e9formistes et conservateurs (Khamenei). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Troisi\u00e8mement) Les partisans de la faction radicale du r\u00e9gime ont encourag\u00e9 une grande manifestation en d\u00e9cembre 2017, afin d'affaiblir le gouvernement r\u00e9formiste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quatri\u00e8mement (2019). \u00c9meutes et gr\u00e8ves suite \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction des subventions sur l'essence. D\u00e9but des revendications pour la fin de la R\u00e9publique islamique. Des centaines de personnes sont mortes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cinqui\u00e8mement) 2021, contre la gestion des ressources en eau du pays et les restrictions d'eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sixi\u00e8me) 2022. D\u00e9c\u00e8s de Masha Amini<\/a>, Une jeune femme a \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9e pour avoir port\u00e9 son voile de mani\u00e8re incorrecte. De nouvelles \u00e9meutes ont \u00e9clat\u00e9, d'une ampleur et d'une intensit\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 celles de 2019. Les facteurs d\u00e9clencheurs\u00a0: l'imposition du voile et la lutte pour les droits des femmes. Des centaines de personnes sont mortes et des milliers ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Septi\u00e8mement) 2025\/2026. M\u00e9contentement \u00e9conomique, nouvelles manifestations, y compris contre la R\u00e9publique islamique. La r\u00e9pression a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9crite au point 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Quels nouveaux \u00e9v\u00e9nements se sont produits ?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

a) Dans ces manifestations, les manifestants ont peut-\u00eatre atteint un certain consensus autour d\u2019une figure symbolique, le prince h\u00e9ritier exil\u00e9 Reza Pahlavi, bien qu\u2019il existe des diff\u00e9rences importantes au sein de l\u2019opposition dans la diaspora iranienne. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) une plus grande unit\u00e9 parmi les manifestants, dont les revendications ne se limitent pas \u00e0 la situation \u00e9conomique ou aux droits humains. Le chercheur estime que \u201c la prudence est de mise \u201d, car aucune fracture n'est apparente au sein du r\u00e9gime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c) Le r\u00e9gime b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie actuellement du soutien de la Russie et de la Chine.. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Quelle est l'id\u00e9ologie de l'islam chiite iranien ?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sonia S\u00e1nchez, professeure de relations internationales \u00e0 l'universit\u00e9 Francisco de Vitoria, qui a particip\u00e9 \u00e0 la pr\u00e9sentation du livre, a d\u00e9fini le r\u00e9gime iranien comme une \u201c ayatolacratie, la trag\u00e9die de la prise de pouvoir par des fanatiques \u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elias Cohen, \u00e9galement professeur dans le m\u00eame domaine \u00e0 l'Universit\u00e9 Francisco de Vitoria, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \u00ab l'Iran joue un r\u00f4le h\u00e9g\u00e9monique au Moyen-Orient \u201d et qu'avec la prise de contr\u00f4le par le clerg\u00e9, \u201c la religion chiite est laiss\u00e9e entre les mains de l'\u00c9tat, qui supervise tout \u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le chercheur et auteur Javier Gil a expliqu\u00e9 la gen\u00e8se du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, et apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9voqu\u00e9 les \u201c 46 ann\u00e9es de guerre froide entre l'Iran et les \u00c9tats-Unis \u201d, il a fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 l'id\u00e9ologie sous-jacente de la r\u00e9volution islamique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Id\u00e9ologie r\u00e9volutionnaire<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Selon lui, il s'agit d'une \u201c politisation du chiisme \u201d. La r\u00e9volution islamique a transform\u00e9 le qui\u00e9tisme traditionnel du chiisme ou l'islam chiite<\/a> (90 % d\u2019Iran), dans \u201c une religion de protestation qui combinait des ingr\u00e9dients tir\u00e9s du nationalisme, du marxisme et du populisme, pour les mettre au service d\u2019une r\u00e9interpr\u00e9tation r\u00e9volutionnaire de l\u2019islam \u201d. En Iran, un \u201c islam id\u00e9ologis\u00e9 et r\u00e9volutionnaire \u201d a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u, \u00e9crit l\u2019auteur (voir pp. 35 et suiv.). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais la pr\u00e9sence iranienne dans plusieurs pays du Moyen-Orient est devenue un fardeau insupportable pour les finances du pays, l'a entra\u00een\u00e9 dans des guerres sans fin et l'a soumis \u00e0 des sanctions \u00e9conomiques (pp. 268 et suivantes).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour ne rien arranger, le 7 octobre 2023, le Hamas lan\u00e7a une attaque surprise contre Isra\u00ebl. On d\u00e9nombra 1\u00a0200 morts et plus de 200 otages. L\u2019objectif \u00e9tait de faire d\u00e9railler un accord imminent entre Isra\u00ebl et l\u2019Arabie saoudite. L\u2019Iran nia toute implication, mais ses dirigeants exprim\u00e8rent leur soutien au Hamas. La suite est connue. <\/p>\n\n\n

\n\t
\n\t\t

L'ombre de l'ayatollah : une histoire de la R\u00e9publique islamique d'Iran<\/h2>\n\t\t\n\t\t
Auteur<\/strong>Javier Gil Guerrero<\/div>
Editorial<\/strong>Livres de la Citadelle<\/div>
Pages<\/strong>: 288<\/div>
Ann\u00e9e<\/strong>: 2025<\/div>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00bfQuiere someterse a un test de cinco preguntas, como un \u2018Pasapalabra\u2019 formato reducido, sobre la Rep\u00fablica Isl\u00e1mica de Ir\u00e1n? Si ha le\u00eddo la serie en Omnes del escritor e historiador Gerardo Ferrara, publicada a comienzos de 2024, lo tiene m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil. Si no lo ha hecho, o lo tiene en perspectiva, puede a\u00f1adir tambi\u00e9n la […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2425,"featured_media":58014,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,46],"tags":[1382],"class_list":["post-58013","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualidad","category-mundo","tag-iran"],"yoast_head":"\n\u00bfQu\u00e9 sabes sobre Ir\u00e1n?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Las cinco cuestiones versan sobre Ir\u00e1n. 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