{"id":60550,"date":"2026-06-02T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-02T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/?p=60550"},"modified":"2026-04-21T11:59:40","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T09:59:40","slug":"antonio-gramsci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/fr\/firmas\/antonio-gramsci\/","title":{"rendered":"Antonio Gramsci"},"content":{"rendered":"

Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), originaire de Sardaigne, fut l'un des penseurs marxistes les plus influents du XXe si\u00e8cle. Sa vie fut marqu\u00e9e par la lutte politique et de nombreux sacrifices personnels. Membre fondateur du Parti communiste italien, il fut emprisonn\u00e9 en 1926 par le r\u00e9gime fasciste de Benito Mussolini, malgr\u00e9 son immunit\u00e9 parlementaire. Durant sa longue et p\u00e9nible d\u00e9tention, qui affecta gravement sa sant\u00e9 et entra\u00eena finalement sa mort, il r\u00e9digea ses c\u00e9l\u00e8bres \u201c Cahiers de prison \u201d. Cet ouvrage monumental, \u00e9crit sous la censure et dans des conditions pr\u00e9caires, transforma la th\u00e9orie politique en s'\u00e9loignant du d\u00e9terminisme \u00e9conomique strict et en mettant l'accent sur l'importance de la superstructure et de la psychologie sociale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa contribution intellectuelle la plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre est le concept d'h\u00e9g\u00e9monie culturelle, par lequel il expliquait que les classes dominantes maintiennent leur pouvoir non seulement par la force ou la coercition, mais aussi par le consensus et la diffusion de leurs propres valeurs et de leur vision du monde au sein de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile. Gramsci soutenait que, pour parvenir \u00e0 un v\u00e9ritable changement social, la classe ouvri\u00e8re devait construire sa propre contre-h\u00e9g\u00e9monie par l'\u00e9ducation et la culture, sous l'impulsion de ce qu'il appelait les intellectuels organiques. Sa pens\u00e9e a r\u00e9\u00e9valu\u00e9 le r\u00f4le des institutions \u2013 telles que les \u00e9coles, l'\u00c9glise et les m\u00e9dias \u2013 comme autant de champs de bataille id\u00e9ologiques essentiels \u00e0 l'\u00e9mancipation politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le philosophe de la praxis et la question religieuse<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Gramsci n'\u00e9tait pas un militant anticl\u00e9ricaliste typique. Contrairement au la\u00efcisme agressif de certains de ses coreligionnaires, son approche de la religion \u00e9tait toujours empreinte d'un respect intellectuel quasi r\u00e9v\u00e9rencieux. Dans ses c\u00e9l\u00e8bres \u201c Cahiers de prison \u201d, il analysait l'\u00c9glise non seulement comme une structure de pouvoir, mais aussi comme une force capable d'apporter coh\u00e9sion morale et sens \u00e0 la vie des masses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour Gramsci, le catholicisme \u00e9tait la \u00ab r\u00e9serve spirituelle \u00bb de l'Italie. Son admiration pour des figures comme saint Augustin et saint Thomas d'Aquin n'\u00e9tait pas purement acad\u00e9mique\u00a0; il reconnaissait en eux une profondeur anthropologique que le mat\u00e9rialisme le plus simpliste tendait \u00e0 ignorer. C'est cette ouverture intellectuelle qui nous permet aujourd'hui de relire avec un regard neuf les t\u00e9moignages qui sugg\u00e8rent une profonde foi \u00e0 la fin de sa vie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La controverse de la clinique Quisisana<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Comme il l'a soulign\u00e9 Diego Contreras dans Aceprensa<\/a>, Le d\u00e9bat sur sa pr\u00e9tendue conversion a \u00e9t\u00e9 relanc\u00e9 suite aux d\u00e9clarations de l'archev\u00eaque Luigi de Magistris. Ce dernier a cit\u00e9 les t\u00e9moignages des religieuses suisses qui ont soign\u00e9 Gramsci \u00e0 la clinique Quisisana de Rome durant ses derniers jours en 1937. Selon ces t\u00e9moignages, le dirigeant communiste conservait une image de\u2026 Sainte Th\u00e9r\u00e8se de Lisieux<\/a> \u2014la \u00ab s\u0153ur des ath\u00e9es \u00bb\u2014 sur sa table de chevet et aurait demand\u00e9 \u00e0 embrasser l\u2019image de l\u2019Enfant J\u00e9sus lors de son dernier No\u00ebl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les documents mis au jour par le j\u00e9suite Giuseppe Della Vedova dans les ann\u00e9es 1970 renforcent cette atmosph\u00e8re de recherche. S\u0153ur Angelina Z\u00fcrcher se souvient d'un Gramsci \u00e9puis\u00e9 demandant des pri\u00e8res\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0M\u00e8re, priez pour moi car je sens que je suis au bout du rouleau.\u00a0\u00bb.<\/em> Pour sa part, l'aum\u00f4nier de la clinique, Monseigneur Giuseppe Furrer, a d\u00e9crit ses visites comme des rencontres hautement th\u00e9ologiques o\u00f9, apr\u00e8s avoir discut\u00e9 des P\u00e8res de l'\u00c9glise, Gramsci acceptait respectueusement la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction sacerdotale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Ce n'est pas que je ne veux pas, c'est que je ne peux pas. \u00bb<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La phrase la plus \u00e9nigmatique rapport\u00e9e par Furrer est peut-\u00eatre la r\u00e9ponse de Gramsci \u00e0 l'offre des derniers sacrements : \u00ab Ce n'est pas que je ne le veuille pas, c'est que je ne le peux pas. \u00bb.<\/em> Ces mots r\u00e9v\u00e8lent le drame int\u00e9rieur d'un homme tiraill\u00e9 entre la sinc\u00e9rit\u00e9 de son engagement politique public, les cons\u00e9quences possibles d'un changement qui pourrait affecter sa famille (en particulier sa femme Julia et ses deux enfants, en URSS) et les \u00e9lans d'une conscience scrutant l'ab\u00eeme de la mort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lorsque Gramsci rendit l'\u00e2me le 27 avril 1937, Furrer entra dans la pi\u00e8ce pour asperger son corps d'eau b\u00e9nite, malgr\u00e9 les r\u00e9ticences de sa belle-s\u0153ur Tatiana. Il n'y eut ni conversion officielle, ni renonciation publique au marxisme. Mais, comme pour tant de grandes \u00e2mes, la fronti\u00e8re entre le doute et la foi se r\u00e9v\u00e9la bien plus perm\u00e9able que les id\u00e9ologies ne le laissent entendre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'\u00e9cho d'une recherche<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nous ne saurons jamais avec certitude ce qui se passait au plus profond de son \u00e2me. Ce qui est clair, en revanche, c'est que Gramsci \u00e9tait un homme qui, m\u00eame dans l'obscurit\u00e9 de sa cellule et au c\u0153ur de la maladie, gardait une fen\u00eatre ouverte sur le transcendant. Sa figure nous rappelle que le dialogue entre la pens\u00e9e s\u00e9culi\u00e8re et le christianisme ne doit pas n\u00e9cessairement \u00eatre une lutte d'an\u00e9antissement, mais plut\u00f4t une reconnaissance mutuelle de la complexit\u00e9 humaine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En cette p\u00e9riode de radicalisme superficiel, la s\u00e9r\u00e9nit\u00e9 avec laquelle Gramsci contemplait le tabernacle depuis le seuil de la chapelle de Quisisana invite \u00e0 la r\u00e9flexion. Peut-\u00eatre, \u00e0 la fin de sa vie, le grand th\u00e9oricien de l'histoire ne recherchait-il pas une synth\u00e8se dialectique, mais simplement le repos aupr\u00e8s de cette \u00ab s\u0153ur des ath\u00e9es \u00bb qui lui tenait compagnie dans le silence de sa chambre.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El sardo Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) fue uno de los pensadores marxistas m\u00e1s influyentes del siglo XX, cuya vida estuvo marcada por la lucha pol\u00edtica y el sacrificio personal. Miembro fundador del Partido Comunista Italiano, fue encarcelado en 1926 por el r\u00e9gimen fascista de Benito Mussolini, a pesar de su inmunidad parlamentaria. Durante su largo y […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":975,"featured_media":60551,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60550","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-firmas"],"yoast_head":"\nAntonio Gramsci<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"En un tiempo de radicalismos, la serenidad con la que dicen que Gramsci miraba al sagrario es una invitaci\u00f3n a la reflexi\u00f3n.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/fr\/signatures\/antonio-gramsci\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Antonio Gramsci\" \/>\n<meta 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