{"id":60995,"date":"2026-05-07T06:04:00","date_gmt":"2026-05-07T04:04:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/?p=60995"},"modified":"2026-05-04T16:05:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T14:05:17","slug":"jovellanos-una-ilustracion-para-espanoles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/fr\/actualidad\/jovellanos-una-ilustracion-para-espanoles\/","title":{"rendered":"Jovellanos : une r\u00e9v\u00e9lation pour les Espagnols"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le professeur et universitaire Benigno Pend\u00e1s (Barcelone, 1956) a \u00e9crit une magnifique biographie de l'illustre Asturien Gaspar de Jovellanos, qui fut l'homme de transition entre \u201c les Lumi\u00e8res pour les Espagnols \u201d (comme on les appelle dans le livre) et le premier lib\u00e9ralisme des Cortes de Cadix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'un des signes de ce changement de mentalit\u00e9 se trouve, selon Benigno Pend\u00e1s, dans l'\u0153uvre accomplie par notre figure \u00e9clair\u00e9e \u00e0 S\u00e9ville et \u00e0 Madrid lorsqu'il occupait la fonction de \u201c\u00a0Maire de la Maison et de la Cour royales\u00a0\u201d, avec une grande \u00e9nergie, un d\u00e9vouement sans faille, une grande prudence et un esprit humanitaire. Cela l'a notamment conduit \u00e0 r\u00e9clamer l'abolition du recours syst\u00e9matique \u00e0 la torture dans les tribunaux civils et p\u00e9naux, tant pour identifier le complice (pratique courante du droit proc\u00e9dural de l'\u00e9poque) que pour interdire l'utilisation comme preuve, lors du proc\u00e8s, d'informations obtenues par extorsion (135-136).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La r\u00e9apparition ind\u00e9niable de l'humanitarisme dans le monde juridique et le respect de la dignit\u00e9 humaine \u2013 en l'occurrence, pour les petits voleurs et les auteurs de d\u00e9lits mineurs relevant de sa juridiction \u2013 font de Jovellanos un juriste visionnaire (p. 227). Ses id\u00e9es aboutiront en effet \u00e0 l'abolition de la torture aux Cortes de Cadix en 1812, bien qu'il f\u00fbt d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 peu de temps auparavant\u00a0; il convient \u00e9galement de souligner son opposition farouche au tribunal de l'Inquisition, qui continua de discr\u00e9diter l'\u00c9glise catholique en Espagne au sein de la communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne apr\u00e8s la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise (p. 201).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ses exils, notamment le second \u00e0 Majorque pendant sept ans suite \u00e0 une calomnie non prouv\u00e9e et pour lequel les faits n'ont jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablis, allaient marquer la fin du despotisme \u00e9clair\u00e9 et l'av\u00e8nement d'une monarchie lib\u00e9rale. Dans cette nouvelle monarchie, les pouvoirs du roi et de la justice seraient encadr\u00e9s par les Cortes de Cadix et par les gouvernements lib\u00e9raux successifs, de sorte que l'ex\u00e9cution d'actes arbitraires et cruels dispara\u00eetrait du r\u00e9gime monarchique, comme le souligne notre auteur (p. 135).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'\u00c9glise et l'\u00c9tat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Un point commun entre le gouvernement de Charles III et les gouvernements lib\u00e9raux du XIXe si\u00e8cle r\u00e9sidait dans la distinction entre l'\u00c9glise catholique, gardienne du tr\u00e9sor de la r\u00e9v\u00e9lation chr\u00e9tienne, et l'organisation eccl\u00e9siastique. Cette derni\u00e8re, qui comprenait la curie et les ordres religieux, \u00e9tait per\u00e7ue comme une institution n\u00e9cessitant un profond renouveau\u00a0: l'application d'une\u2026 numerus clausus<\/em> Dans les s\u00e9minaires, r\u00e9duction du nombre de fr\u00e8res et suppression des ordres qui n'\u00e9taient pas utiles \u00e0 l'\u00c9tat ou \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9clair\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il suffit de savoir que Jovellanos, chr\u00e9tien pratiquant et homme de foi, \u00e9tait un lecteur assidu de Gibbon et, en tant que membre de l'Acad\u00e9mie royale d'histoire, un partisan d'une r\u00e9vision historiographique des vies des saints. Son but \u00e9tait d'\u00e9purer le calendrier des saints et les r\u00e9cits de la vie des gens de tout \u00e9l\u00e9ment superstitieux afin de lutter contre le retard scientifique, sans pour autant renier l'essence de sa foi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Certes, sa proposition, qui anticipe la mise en demeure de Mendiz\u00e1bal (p. 47), sugg\u00e8re que cette mesure \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans l\u2019esprit des ministres de Charles III, comme tant d\u2019autres r\u00e9formes que les Bourbons n\u2019ont pas eu le temps de consolider avant le changement de dynastie avec Joseph Ier (p. 215).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les efforts de Campomanes et de Jovellanos pour promouvoir les \u201c\u00a0Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques des Amis de la Patrie\u00a0\u201d et associer les scientifiques au progr\u00e8s de l'Espagne sont particuli\u00e8rement r\u00e9v\u00e9lateurs. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 cette dynamique, d\u00e8s 1898, ann\u00e9e de la perte des colonies, l'Espagne avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 accompli des progr\u00e8s dans son d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique, m\u00eame si celui-ci demeurait limit\u00e9 par le manque de clairvoyance de certains gouvernements lib\u00e9raux, plus pr\u00e9occup\u00e9s par leurs conflits avec l'\u00c9glise que par le renforcement de la productivit\u00e9 des terres d\u00e9colonis\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les Lumi\u00e8res espagnoles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La cr\u00e9ation \u00e0 Gij\u00f3n, sa ville natale, de ce qui est aujourd'hui l'Institut royal Jovellanos (centre d'\u00e9tudes en chimie, navigation et min\u00e9ralogie) t\u00e9moigne de son int\u00e9r\u00eat marqu\u00e9 pour les sciences appliqu\u00e9es (p. 232). De toute \u00e9vidence, sa volont\u00e9 de valoriser les acad\u00e9mies nationales allait se traduire par une augmentation sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent des investissements publics dans la recherche et le d\u00e9veloppement au Br\u00e9sil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ces caract\u00e9ristiques doivent \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9es \u00e0 l'aune du concept de \u201c Lumi\u00e8res pour les Espagnols \u201d, terme par lequel Pend\u00e1s qualifie les expressions de Lumi\u00e8res \u201c catholiques \u201d ou \u201c espagnoles \u201d, souvent sources de confusion pour les chercheurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un autre sujet d'un int\u00e9r\u00eat consid\u00e9rable est le projet de \u201c\u00a0Loi agraire\u00a0\u201d que Jovellanos a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 et fait l'objet de rapports publics. La lecture de cet ouvrage r\u00e9v\u00e8le la vision d'un homme d'\u00c9tat qui savait que, pour promouvoir le d\u00e9veloppement industriel, il devait d'abord r\u00e9organiser les cultures et d\u00e9terminer la taille des ressources humaines, en d\u00e9cidant combien de familles devaient cultiver la terre et combien devaient migrer vers les villes pour revitaliser l'\u00e9conomie (p.\u00a0231).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jovellanos \u00e9tait sans aucun doute conscient de la libert\u00e9 des citoyens de rester sur leurs terres, mais aussi de la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019ouvrir des routes, de construire des ponts et d\u2019am\u00e9liorer les ports pour relier les zones rurales \u00e0 la culture et au commerce (p. 233).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n
\n\t
\n\t\t

Jovellanos. Lumi\u00e8res pour les Espagnols<\/h2>\n\t\t\n\t\t
Auteur<\/strong>Benigno Pend\u00e1s<\/div>
Editorial<\/strong>Taureau<\/div>
Ann\u00e9e<\/strong>: 2026<\/div>
Nombre de pages<\/strong>: 566<\/div>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El profesor y acad\u00e9mico Benigno Pend\u00e1s (Barcelona, 1956) ha redactado una magn\u00edfica biograf\u00eda del ilustre asturiano Gaspar de Jovellanos, quien fuera el hombre de transici\u00f3n entre la \u201cilustraci\u00f3n para espa\u00f1oles\u201d (como se denomina en el libro) y el primer liberalismo de las Cortes de C\u00e1diz. Una de las se\u00f1ales del cambio de mentalidad la encuentra […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2431,"featured_media":60997,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,39,45],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60995","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualidad","category-cultura","category-libros"],"yoast_head":"\nJovellanos: una ilustraci\u00f3n para espa\u00f1oles - Omnes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Jovellanos quiso depurar el santoral y la vida del pueblo de elementos supersticiosos para combatir, pero sin romper con la esencia de su fe.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/fr\/nouvelles\/jovellanos-una-ilustracion-para-espanoles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jovellanos: una ilustraci\u00f3n para espa\u00f1oles - Omnes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jovellanos quiso depurar el santoral y la vida del pueblo de elementos supersticiosos para combatir, pero sin romper con la esencia de su fe.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/fr\/nouvelles\/jovellanos-una-ilustracion-para-espanoles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Omnes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-05-07T04:04:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-17.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"524\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jos\u00e9 Carlos Mart\u00edn de la Hoz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jos\u00e9 Carlos Mart\u00edn de la Hoz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.omnesmag.com\\\/actualidad\\\/jovellanos-una-ilustracion-para-espanoles\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.omnesmag.com\\\/actualidad\\\/jovellanos-una-ilustracion-para-espanoles\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Jos\u00e9 Carlos Mart\u00edn de la Hoz\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.omnesmag.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/646000cb3509169a95d62eb116404afc\"},\"headline\":\"Jovellanos: una ilustraci\u00f3n para espa\u00f1oles\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-05-07T04:04:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.omnesmag.com\\\/actualidad\\\/jovellanos-una-ilustracion-para-espanoles\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":932,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.omnesmag.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.omnesmag.com\\\/actualidad\\\/jovellanos-una-ilustracion-para-espanoles\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.omnesmag.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/image-17.webp\",\"articleSection\":[\"Actualidad\",\"Cultura\",\"Libros\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":[\"WebPage\",\"ItemPage\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.omnesmag.com\\\/actualidad\\\/jovellanos-una-ilustracion-para-espanoles\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.omnesmag.com\\\/actualidad\\\/jovellanos-una-ilustracion-para-espanoles\\\/\",\"name\":\"Jovellanos: una ilustraci\u00f3n para espa\u00f1oles - 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