{"id":61852,"date":"2026-06-06T06:17:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-06T04:17:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/?p=61852"},"modified":"2026-06-02T11:30:13","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T09:30:13","slug":"la-escuela-de-salamanca-y-la-revolucion-francesa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/fr\/actualidad\/la-escuela-de-salamanca-y-la-revolucion-francesa\/","title":{"rendered":"L&#039;\u00c9cole de Salamanque et la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Francisco de Vitoria d\u00e9buta sa carri\u00e8re comme professeur \u00e0 la facult\u00e9 de th\u00e9ologie de l&#039;universit\u00e9 de Salamanque en 1526, inaugurant ainsi ce que l&#039;on a appel\u00e9 l&#039;\u00c9cole de Salamanque. Cette \u00e9cole repr\u00e9sentait une approche novatrice des sciences humaines, litt\u00e9raires et scientifiques\u00a0; de nombreuses conf\u00e9rences internationales sur le sujet se tiennent d&#039;ailleurs cette ann\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, l&#039;\u00c9cole de Salamanque est entr\u00e9e dans l&#039;histoire comme la transition entre l&#039;humanisme de la Renaissance et l&#039;humanisme chr\u00e9tien et, de plus, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 Grotius, un fid\u00e8le disciple de Vitoria, les droits de l&#039;homme mis en avant par l&#039;\u00c9cole de Salamanque ont \u00e9t\u00e9 internationalis\u00e9s avec succ\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les Lumi\u00e8res ont pu se r\u00e9pandre tr\u00e8s rapidement car l&#039;humanisme chr\u00e9tien \u00e9tait fond\u00e9 sur l&#039;homme et, plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, sur tout ce qui touchait \u00e0 la dignit\u00e9 de la personne humaine et \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e9quilibre entre la foi et la raison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les racines des r\u00e9volutions lib\u00e9rales<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rappelons-nous qu&#039;en pr\u00e9sence d&#039;extr\u00eames, la tendance humaine est toujours de rechercher le juste milieu : ainsi, le luth\u00e9ranisme serait un pur fid\u00e9isme et, \u00e0 l&#039;autre extr\u00eame, Voltaire incarnerait un si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res scientifique et profond\u00e9ment anticl\u00e9rical, m\u00e9fiant envers Dieu et l&#039;\u00c9glise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Certes, l&#039;humanisme chr\u00e9tien de l&#039;\u00c9cole de Salamanque a r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 imposer son amour de la libert\u00e9 et des droits de l&#039;homme afin de fournir une couverture th\u00e9orique \u00e0 la fois \u00e0 l&#039;ind\u00e9pendance des \u00c9tats-Unis et \u00e0 la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise et, finalement, de conduire \u00e0 un humanisme lib\u00e9ral qui s&#039;est cristallis\u00e9 dans les Cortes de Cadix de 1812 et dans les Constitutions d&#039;autres pays d&#039;Europe et d&#039;Am\u00e9rique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En effet, l\u2019\u0153uvre exhaustive de Robert Darnton (New York, 1939), professeur \u00e0 Princeton et \u00e0 Harvard, nous aidera \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir les id\u00e9es de Vitoria sur la libert\u00e9 dans ses ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise (1748-1789).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le \u00ab temp\u00e9rament r\u00e9volutionnaire \u00bb<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En effet, notre auteur commencera par \u00e9voquer la \u201c\u00a0conscience collective\u00a0\u201d qui s\u2019est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e \u00e0 Paris d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but de la guerre de Succession d\u2019Autriche en 1740 et lors des \u00e9v\u00e9nements qui ont suivi, aboutissant en 1789 au d\u00e9clenchement de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise. C\u2019est ce que notre auteur appellera le \u201c\u00a0temp\u00e9rament r\u00e9volutionnaire\u00a0\u201d (17). Logiquement, ce temp\u00e9rament r\u00e9volutionnaire, qui s\u2019est manifest\u00e9 en 1789, \u00e9tait aliment\u00e9 par les id\u00e9es de libert\u00e9 que Francisco de Vitoria avait mises en branle en Europe en d\u00e9fendant la libert\u00e9 et la souverainet\u00e9 des peuples autochtones des Am\u00e9riques face \u00e0 l\u2019empereur Charles Quint. Le soutien fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance des Am\u00e9riques fut total et sans r\u00e9serve (245).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le pouvoir de l&#039;opinion publique<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il est int\u00e9ressant de noter le lien entre les m\u00e9dias utilis\u00e9s par les intellectuels des salons parisiens pour fa\u00e7onner l&#039;opinion publique, amplifier ou \u00e9touffer les nouvelles et les rumeurs, et les transformer en id\u00e9es op\u00e9rationnelles destin\u00e9es \u00e0 infl\u00e9chir le cours des \u00e9v\u00e9nements. Il convient \u00e9galement de s&#039;int\u00e9resser aux origines des opinions publiques qu&#039;il fallait d\u00e9fendre, car elles contraignaient l&#039;humanisme chr\u00e9tien \u00e0 fournir des conclusions justes et un jugement \u00e9clair\u00e9 \u00e0 ceux qui \u00e9taient appel\u00e9s \u00e0 gouverner le pays ou les grandes maisons. Il est essentiel de souligner que la musique et la litt\u00e9rature constituaient elles aussi des moyens d&#039;informer et de former l&#039;opinion publique (22).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les critiques acerbes qui circulaient \u00e0 Paris \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e9gard de la noblesse et de la vie de cour \u00e9taient frappantes. Elles provenaient d&#039;\u0153uvres litt\u00e9raires, notamment celles de Voltaire, mais aussi d&#039;autres dramaturges, d&#039;op\u00e9ras et d&#039;autres genres mineurs. Ces critiques incit\u00e8rent naturellement les Parisiens \u00e0 exag\u00e9rer et \u00e0 d\u00e9former les \u00e9v\u00e9nements rapport\u00e9s de la cour. L&#039;envie ne tarda pas \u00e0 se manifester, m\u00eal\u00e9e \u00e0 de vives critiques envers les J\u00e9suites, confesseurs du roi et aum\u00f4niers de la cour, accus\u00e9s de tol\u00e9rer un tel luxe extravagant et une telle d\u00e9pravation (51, 151). La haine de la monarchie \u00e9tait en grande partie imputable aux \u0153uvres litt\u00e9raires, et plus particuli\u00e8rement aux pi\u00e8ces de Voltaire (137).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tensions religieuses et troubles sociaux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il faut \u00e9galement ajouter les luttes intestines au sein de l&#039;\u00c9glise de France entre les J\u00e9suites, qui pers\u00e9cutaient sans rel\u00e2che les \u201c saints hommes \u201d jans\u00e9nistes, allant jusqu&#039;\u00e0 leur interdire d&#039;\u00eatre enterr\u00e9s dans les cimeti\u00e8res et les lieux saints car ils \u00e9taient consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme h\u00e9r\u00e9tiques, et, d&#039;autre part, le peuple chr\u00e9tien, qui voyait en ces \u201c saints hommes \u201d jans\u00e9nistes des figures plus fid\u00e8les \u00e0 la foi et \u00e0 la morale que les J\u00e9suites, partisans du probabilisme et autres consid\u00e9rations morales complexes (61). La haine des J\u00e9suites parmi le peuple \u00e9tait <em>en crescendo<\/em> (124).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La description de la prise de Paris par le peuple en 1750 est int\u00e9ressante, compte tenu des rumeurs selon lesquelles la police raflait les enfants solitaires, abandonn\u00e9s et mendiants \u00e2g\u00e9s de 10 \u00e0 12 ans dans les rues de Paris pour les emmener par bateau en Am\u00e9rique (Mississippi) afin de les faire travailler dans un commerce de fausse soie, dans le but de d\u00e9barrasser les rues des indigents et des petits voleurs (73). On parle d&#039;une foule fervente de 15\u00a0000 personnes (75). Cela ressemblait \u00e0 une r\u00e9p\u00e9tition g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la prise de la Bastille (485).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Justice fiscale et impact de l&#039;Encyclop\u00e9die<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En mati\u00e8re de politique fiscale, il convient de rappeler les sages recommandations de Francisco de Vitoria dans ses Le\u00e7ons sur le pouvoir civil, concernant les imp\u00f4ts excessifs que les monarques imposaient non seulement aux nobles du royaume, mais aussi au peuple souverain. L&#039;une des raisons pour lesquelles Vitoria pr\u00e9conisait une r\u00e9volution civile \u00e9tait que les imp\u00f4ts \u00e9taient excessifs et ne profitaient pas au bien commun, mais plut\u00f4t aux int\u00e9r\u00eats priv\u00e9s des rois et de la Cour\u00a0: tel \u00e9tait pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment le cas en France (80, 111).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Concernant l\u2019Encyclop\u00e9die et la diffusion des nouvelles connaissances scientifiques et g\u00e9ographiques durant les Lumi\u00e8res, un sentiment anticl\u00e9rical s\u2019est \u00e9galement manifest\u00e9, accusant l\u2019\u00c9glise d\u2019avoir maintenu le peuple dans l\u2019ignorance par de faux dogmes et des croyances erron\u00e9es. Comme l\u2019a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 Blom, le succ\u00e8s de l\u2019Encyclop\u00e9die ne r\u00e9side pas dans la science qu\u2019elle d\u00e9crit, mais dans la mentalit\u00e9 qu\u2019elle transmet (97).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il est important de lire attentivement les derniers chapitres de cet ouvrage bien document\u00e9, qui relate les d\u00e9buts d&#039;un gouvernement du peuple manipul\u00e9 par des individus sans c\u0153ur ne recherchant que leur enrichissement personnel et leur propre survie.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"omnes-block-ficha-vertical\">\n\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t<h2>Le temp\u00e9rament r\u00e9volutionnaire<\/h2>\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/61CbaqNUynL._SY385_.webp\" \/>\n\t\t<div class=\"v\"><strong>Auteur<\/strong>Robert Darnton<\/div><div class=\"v\"><strong>Editorial<\/strong>Taureau<\/div><div class=\"v\"><strong>Ann\u00e9e<\/strong>: 2025<\/div><div class=\"v\"><strong>Nombre de pages<\/strong>: 630<\/div>\t<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Francisco de Vitoria comenz\u00f3 su andadura como catedr\u00e1tico de la Facultad de Teolog\u00eda de la Universidad de Salamanca en 1526 y, con ello, dio inicio a lo que se ha denominado la Escuela de Salamanca. Es decir, un estilo nuevo de afrontar el quehacer human\u00edstico, literario y cient\u00edfico; de hecho, en este a\u00f1o se est\u00e1n [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2431,"featured_media":61859,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,39,45],"tags":[2109,2347],"class_list":["post-61852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualidad","category-cultura","category-libros","tag-escuela-de-salamanca","tag-revolucion-francesa"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>La Escuela de Salamanca y la Revoluci\u00f3n Francesa - Omnes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El humanismo cristiano de la Escuela de Salamanca sirvi\u00f3 de base te\u00f3rica para la Revoluci\u00f3n Francesa y otras revoluciones liberales.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/fr\/nouvelles\/la-escuela-de-salamanca-y-la-revolucion-francesa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La Escuela de Salamanca y la Revoluci\u00f3n Francesa - 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