{"id":25858,"date":"2022-10-28T06:30:00","date_gmt":"2022-10-28T05:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/omnesmag.com\/?p=25858"},"modified":"2022-10-28T12:41:32","modified_gmt":"2022-10-28T11:41:32","slug":"wywiad-mcconnell-constitution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/pl\/actualidad\/entrevista-mcconnell-constitucion\/","title":{"rendered":"Michael McConnell<\/b>Czytaj wi\u0119cej : \"Roe v. Wade by\u0142o jednym z najgorzej uzasadnionych orzecze\u0144 w historii S\u0105du Najwy\u017cszego\"."},"content":{"rendered":"

Michael W. McConnell jest profesorem prawa konstytucyjnego na Uniwersytecie Stanforda i specjalizuje si\u0119 w zagadnieniach dotycz\u0105cych ko\u015bcio\u0142a i pa\u0144stwa. Kilka tygodni temu by\u0142 jednym z g\u0142\u00f3wnych m\u00f3wc\u00f3w na VI Kongresie im. ICLARS <\/a>(\"International Consortium for Law and Religious Studies\"), z kt\u00f3rych. ostatnio omawiali\u015bmy w Omnes<\/a>. Ponad 400 uczestnik\u00f3w kongresu zebra\u0142o si\u0119, by zastanowi\u0107 si\u0119 nad \"Godno\u015bci\u0105 cz\u0142owieka, prawem i r\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015bci\u0105 religijn\u0105: kszta\u0142towaniem przysz\u0142o\u015bci spo\u0142ecze\u0144stw mi\u0119dzykulturowych\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

W krajach europejskich niekt\u00f3rzy uwa\u017caj\u0105, \u017ce politycy o przekonaniach chrze\u015bcija\u0144skich nie powinni pe\u0142ni\u0107 funkcji publicznych ze wzgl\u0119du na stronniczo\u015b\u0107 ich przekona\u0144. Co s\u0105dzisz o tym argumencie?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

W wolnym kraju, w kt\u00f3rym istnieje rozdzia\u0142 ko\u015bcio\u0142a od pa\u0144stwa, obywatele wszystkich religii lub \u017cadnej, maj\u0105 takie samo prawo do sprawowania funkcji publicznych i obrony swojej koncepcji dobra wsp\u00f3lnego na podstawie systemu wierze\u0144, kt\u00f3ry uznaj\u0105 za przekonuj\u0105cy. Dotyczy to zar\u00f3wno chrze\u015bcijan, jak i \u017byd\u00f3w, muzu\u0142man\u00f3w, ateist\u00f3w i wszystkich innych. W Stanach Zjednoczonych ta otwarto\u015b\u0107 na wszystkie wyznania znajduje szczeg\u00f3lne odzwierciedlenie w artykule VI Konstytucji: \"\u017caden test religijny nie b\u0119dzie nigdy wymagany jako kwalifikacja do jakiegokolwiek urz\u0119du lub zaufania publicznego w Stanach Zjednoczonych\". Co do twierdze\u0144 o \"stronniczo\u015bci\", to niekt\u00f3rzy musz\u0105 spojrze\u0107 w lustro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Czy mo\u017cliwe jest oddzielenie sfery prywatnej od publicznej i w jakim stopniu jest to dobre rozwi\u0105zanie? <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Prawo wolno\u015bci obywatelskich z konieczno\u015bci poddaje sfer\u0119 publiczn\u0105 innym regu\u0142om ni\u017c sfer\u0119 prywatn\u0105. Na przyk\u0142ad pa\u0144stwo jest zobowi\u0105zane do zachowania neutralno\u015bci w spos\u00f3b, w jaki nie s\u0105 ni\u0105 obj\u0119te osoby prywatne. Dotyczy to zw\u0142aszcza religii. Wszyscy mamy prawo uwa\u017ca\u0107 pewne pogl\u0105dy religijne za prawdziwe, a inne za fa\u0142szywe. Pa\u0144stwo nie ma takiej roli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Michael Sandel twierdzi, \u017ce w spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwach zachodnich nie by\u0142o prawdziwej debaty publicznej na temat wielu kontrowersyjnych kwestii moralnych (aborcja, eutanazja, macierzy\u0144stwo zast\u0119pcze, ma\u0142\u017ce\u0144stwa os\u00f3b tej samej p\u0142ci itp. Czy zgadzasz si\u0119 z tym pogl\u0105dem? <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Na pewno nie, cho\u0107 niekt\u00f3rzy po obu stronach s\u0105 tak pewni swoich pozycji, \u017ce pr\u00f3buj\u0105 uciszy\u0107 dysydent\u00f3w. Zgadzam si\u0119 z Sandelem, \u017ce publiczna dyskusja na temat niekt\u00f3rych z tych kwestii jest mniej solidna i mniej \u015bwiadoma, ni\u017c bym sobie tego \u017cyczy\u0142.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

W wielu krajach niekt\u00f3re ustawy uznane za \"moralnie post\u0119powe\" nie uzyskuj\u0105 wystarczaj\u0105cego poparcia parlamentu, ale s\u0105 uchwalane w orzeczeniach s\u0105du konstytucyjnego. Co s\u0105dzisz o takim podej\u015bciu?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Uwa\u017cam, \u017ce s\u0105dy s\u0105 w\u0142a\u015bciwie ograniczone do egzekwowania norm konstytucyjnych, kt\u00f3re zosta\u0142y przyj\u0119te przez nar\u00f3d w ramach r\u00f3\u017cnych proces\u00f3w tworzenia konstytucji. S\u0105dy nie maj\u0105 prawa uzurpowa\u0107 sobie funkcji ustawodawczej poprzez narzucanie norm prawnych tylko na tej podstawie, \u017ce s\u0119dziowie uwa\u017caj\u0105 je za \"post\u0119powe\" (lub normatywnie atrakcyjne w jakimkolwiek innym sensie). Roe v. Wade jest najbardziej widocznym przyk\u0142adem w Stanach Zjednoczonych.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00f3wi\u0105c o Roe v. Wade, jako ekspert od ameryka\u0144skiej konstytucji, jaka jest Pana opinia na temat nowego orzeczenia S\u0105du Najwy\u017cszego?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Roe v. Wade by\u0142o jednym z najgorzej uzasadnionych orzecze\u0144 w historii S\u0105du Najwy\u017cszego. Nie opiera\u0142a si\u0119 ona na \u017cadnym wiarygodnym odczytaniu tekstu konstytucji, ani na precedensach s\u0105du, ani na d\u0142ugoletnich tradycjach i praktykach narodu ameryka\u0144skiego. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co s\u0105dzisz o kulturze woke i odwo\u0142aniu w odniesieniu do jej wp\u0142ywu na \u015brodowisko akademickie?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nie pochwalam wszelkiego ekstremizmu, w tym ekstremizmu w postaci buzuki, oraz wszelkich wysi\u0142k\u00f3w na rzecz masowej cenzury. Homogeniczno\u015b\u0107 opinii w obr\u0119bie \u015brodowisk akademickich w Stanach Zjednoczonych stanowi powa\u017cne zagro\u017cenie dla liberalnej edukacji. By\u0142oby to r\u00f3wnie\u017c prawd\u0105, gdyby \u015brodowisko akademickie by\u0142o jednostronne i nietolerancyjne w popieraniu jakiejkolwiek innej ideologii. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pogl\u0105d genderowy zyskuje coraz wi\u0119ksz\u0105 aprobat\u0119 spo\u0142eczn\u0105 i prawn\u0105 w ustawodawstwie wielu pa\u0144stw. Stopniowo tym, kt\u00f3rzy nie zgadzaj\u0105 si\u0119 z tymi ideami, coraz trudniej jest kszta\u0142ci\u0107 swoje dzieci zgodnie ze swoimi przekonaniami lub rozwija\u0107 prac\u0119 zawodow\u0105 (na przyk\u0142ad w dziedzinie medycyny) zgodnie ze swoj\u0105 wizj\u0105 antropologiczn\u0105. Czy uwa\u017casz, \u017ce wolno\u015b\u0107 my\u015bli i wypowiedzi os\u00f3b, kt\u00f3re maj\u0105 bardziej konserwatywn\u0105 wizj\u0119, jest respektowana?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Najwyra\u017aniej nie. My\u015blenie ludzi o p\u0142ci i seksie szybko p\u0142ynie, a jeden skrajny pogl\u0105d nie powinien by\u0107 traktowany jako jedyny miarodajny. Ludzie maj\u0105 prawo do posiadania innych pogl\u0105d\u00f3w, a rodzice maj\u0105 prawo do tego, by instytucje publiczne nie narzuca\u0142y ich dzieciom okre\u015blonej ideologii.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Michael W. McConnell es catedr\u00e1tico de Derecho Constitucional de la Universidad de Stanford y est\u00e1 especializado en asuntos relacionados con la Iglesia y el Estado. Hace unas semanas fue uno de los ponentes principales del VI Congreso del ICLARS (\u201cInternational Consortium for Law and Religious Studies\u201d), del que hemos hablado recientemente en Omnes. M\u00e1s de 400 congresistas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1166,"featured_media":25859,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[36,46],"tags":[233,29],"class_list":["post-25858","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualidad","category-mundo","tag-entrevistas","tag-libertad-religiosa"],"yoast_head":"\nEntrevistamos a M. 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