{"id":26440,"date":"2023-05-10T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-05-10T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/omnesmag.com\/?p=26440"},"modified":"2025-11-28T14:15:21","modified_gmt":"2025-11-28T12:15:21","slug":"the-cardinal-newman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/pl\/foco\/el-cardenal-newman\/","title":{"rendered":"kardyna\u0142 Newman"},"content":{"rendered":"

John Henry Newman<\/a> urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 21 lutego 1801 roku w Londynie w anglika\u0144skiej rodzinie bankier\u00f3w. By\u0142 pierworodnym z sze\u015bciorga dzieci. W wieku siedmiu lat zacz\u0105\u0142 ucz\u0119szcza\u0107 do szko\u0142y w Ealing, gdzie wyr\u00f3\u017cnia\u0142 si\u0119 pilno\u015bci\u0105 i dobrym zachowaniem. Przejawia\u0142 tam pewn\u0105 nie\u015bmia\u0142o\u015b\u0107 i marginalno\u015b\u0107, gdy\u017c nie bra\u0142 udzia\u0142u w zabawach szkolnych. Sam m\u00f3wi\u0142, \u017ce w tych wczesnych latach by\u0142 \"bardzo przes\u0105dny\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Od najm\u0142odszych lat wykazywa\u0142 du\u017ce zainteresowanie czytaniem Biblii, a tak\u017ce powie\u015bci Waltera Scotta, kt\u00f3re by\u0142y w\u00f3wczas w trakcie publikacji. P\u00f3\u017aniej przeczyta\u0142 niekt\u00f3re dzie\u0142a sceptyk\u00f3w takich jak Paine, Hume, Voltaire i prawdopodobnie by\u0142 pod wp\u0142ywem ich idei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pierwsza konwersja<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

W wieku pi\u0119tnastu lat, podczas ostatniego roku nauki, dozna\u0142 pierwszego \"nawr\u00f3cenia\", kt\u00f3re naznaczy\u0142o jego p\u00f3\u017aniejsze \u017cycie. Opr\u00f3cz nauki, w kt\u00f3rej zawsze by\u0142 wybitny, gra\u0142 w sztukach teatralnych, gra\u0142 na skrzypcach, zdobywa\u0142 nagrody za wyst\u0105pienia publiczne i pisa\u0142 artyku\u0142y do czasopism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jego szcz\u0119\u015bliwe dzieci\u0144stwo sko\u0144czy\u0142o si\u0119 nagle w marcu 1816 roku. Nast\u0105pi\u0142a zapa\u015b\u0107 finansowa spowodowana wojnami napoleo\u0144skimi i bank jego ojca zosta\u0142 zmuszony do zamkni\u0119cia. Tego lata z powodu kryzysu rodzinnego Newman pozosta\u0142 w szkole podczas wakacji. Okres od pocz\u0105tku sierpnia do 21 grudnia 1816 roku Newman zawsze uwa\u017ca\u0142 za punkt zwrotny w swoim \u017cyciu. Osamotniony w szkole i wstrz\u0105\u015bni\u0119ty rodzinn\u0105 katastrof\u0105, zachorowa\u0142 w sierpniu. P\u00f3\u017aniej zacz\u0105\u0142 postrzega\u0107 ten okres jako jedn\u0105 z trzech wielkich opatrzno\u015bciowych chor\u00f3b w swoim \u017cyciu, poniewa\u017c to w\u0142a\u015bnie jesieni\u0105 tego roku dozna\u0142 religijnego nawr\u00f3cenia pod wp\u0142ywem jednego ze swoich nauczycieli, wielebnego Waltera Mayersa.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do tego momentu Newman mia\u0142 konwencjonalne wychowanie w wiernym domu Ko\u015bcio\u0142a Anglii, gdzie nacisk k\u0142adziono na Biblia<\/a> a nie dogmaty czy sakramenty, a pewien rodzaj ewangelicznego \"entuzjazmu\" by\u0142by niemile widziany. Jego wiara okre\u015bla\u0142a si\u0119 w\u00f3wczas jako ewangelicka i kalwi\u0144ska, a on sam uwa\u017ca\u0142, \u017ce papie\u017c jest Antychrystem. Zapisa\u0142 si\u0119 do Teologia<\/a> w Trinity College w Oksfordzie, a w 1819 roku wst\u0105pi\u0142 do Lincoln's Inn. Chc\u0105c pozosta\u0107 w Oxfordzie, udziela\u0142 prywatnych lekcji w Oriel, \"uznanym centrum intelektualizmu w Oxfordzie\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Praca w Ko\u015bciele anglika\u0144skim<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Na festiwalu Tr\u00f3jca \u015awi\u0119ta<\/a>W niedziel\u0119 29 maja 1825 roku Newman zosta\u0142 wy\u015bwi\u0119cony na kap\u0142ana Ko\u015bcio\u0142a Anglii, a nast\u0119pnie mianowany proboszczem St Clement's, Oxford. Przez dwa lata by\u0142 aktywnie zaanga\u017cowany w prac\u0119 parafialn\u0105, ale znalaz\u0142 te\u017c czas na pisanie artyku\u0142\u00f3w do Encyclopaedia Metropolitana. W 1825 roku zosta\u0142 wicedyrektorem St Alban's Hall i tam mia\u0142 pierwsze wyra\u017ane wyobra\u017cenie o Ko\u015bciele katolickim. W 1826 r. zosta\u0142 guwernerem-nauczycielem w Oriel. Pod koniec 1827 r. Newman dozna\u0142 swoistego za\u0142amania nerwowego wywo\u0142anego przepracowaniem i problemami finansowymi rodziny, spot\u0119gowanymi nag\u0142\u0105 \u015bmierci\u0105 m\u0142odszej siostry.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Od 1833 roku prowadzi\u0142 m.in. Ruch z Oksfordu<\/em>Newman uwa\u017ca\u0142, \u017ce Ko\u015bci\u00f3\u0142 Anglii jest bezpo\u015brednim potomkiem Ko\u015bcio\u0142a Aposto\u0142\u00f3w, nurtu religijnego w Ko\u015bciele Anglika\u0144skim, kt\u00f3ry pr\u00f3bowa\u0142 znale\u017a\u0107 \"drog\u0119 po\u015bredni\u0105\", trzeci\u0105 drog\u0119 pomi\u0119dzy protestantyzmem a Ko\u015bcio\u0142em Katolickim, i kt\u00f3ry z kolei stara\u0142 si\u0119 wykaza\u0107, \u017ce Ko\u015bci\u00f3\u0142 Anglii jest bezpo\u015brednim potomkiem Ko\u015bcio\u0142a Aposto\u0142\u00f3w. Newman argumentowa\u0142 jednak, \u017ce doktryna Ko\u015bcio\u0142a zdefiniowana na Soborze Trydenckim by\u0142a ca\u0142kowicie niezgodna z artyku\u0142ami Ko\u015bcio\u0142a anglika\u0144skiego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Druga choroba opatrzno\u015bciowa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

W 1842 r. przeszed\u0142 na emerytur\u0119 w Littlemore, gdzie \u017cy\u0142 w warunkach klasztornych z niewielk\u0105 grup\u0105 wyznawc\u00f3w. Wiele lat wcze\u015bniej, od 1816 roku, zacz\u0105\u0142 czyta\u0107 do Ojcowie Ko\u015bcio\u0142a<\/a>co uzna\u0142 za swoj\u0105 drug\u0105 chorob\u0119 opatrzno\u015bciow\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jego \u017cycie by\u0142o bardzo surowe fizycznie i pe\u0142ne niepokoju, a on sam stopniowo pogodzi\u0142 si\u0119 z wiar\u0105 i liturgi\u0105 Ko\u015bcio\u0142a rzymskiego, cho\u0107 nadal nie chcia\u0142 zosta\u0107 katolikiem z powodu takich przeszk\u00f3d, jak nabo\u017ce\u0144stwo do Dziewicy i \u015bwi\u0119tych. To w\u0142a\u015bnie wtedy napisa\u0142: \"W 1843 roku podj\u0105\u0142em dwa bardzo wa\u017cne kroki: 1) W lutym dokona\u0142em formalnego odwo\u0142ania wszystkich ostrych rzeczy, kt\u00f3re powiedzia\u0142em przeciwko Ko\u015bcio\u0142owi rzymskiemu. 2) We wrze\u015bniu zrzek\u0142em si\u0119 mojego benefisu St. Mary, Littlemore\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nawr\u00f3cenie na katolicyzm<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dwa lata p\u00f3\u017aniej, w 1845 roku, wyra\u017anie zda\u0142 sobie spraw\u0119, \u017ce jego argumenty dotycz\u0105ce relacji Ko\u015bcio\u0142a rzymskokatolickiego do Ko\u015bcio\u0142a w Anglii by\u0142y silniejsze ni\u017c s\u0105dzi\u0142. Poddaj\u0105c si\u0119 autorytetowi w\u0142asnych argument\u00f3w, przeszed\u0142 na katolicyzm i zosta\u0142 wy\u015bwi\u0119cony na katolickiego ksi\u0119dza 1 czerwca 1847 roku w Rzymie. Swoj\u0105 pierwsz\u0105 msz\u0119 odprawi\u0142 5 czerwca 1847 roku. Za namow\u0105 papie\u017ca Piusa IX za\u0142o\u017cy\u0142 pierwszy Oratorium San Felipe Neri<\/a> Faber jako jego prze\u0142o\u017cony. Tam prowadzi\u0142 kursy i wyk\u0142ady na temat \"Obecne po\u0142o\u017cenie katolik\u00f3w w Anglii\". <\/em>W 1877 roku, kiedy jego dzie\u0142a z okresu anglika\u0144skiego zosta\u0142y ponownie opublikowane, doda\u0142 do dw\u00f3ch tom\u00f3w d\u0142ug\u0105 przedmow\u0119 i liczne przypisy, w kt\u00f3rych krytykowa\u0142 i kontrargumentowa\u0142 swoje antykatolickie twierdzenia w wersji oryginalnej.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

W 1889 roku, w wieku 88 lat, otrzyma\u0142 od papie\u017ca Leona XIII godno\u015b\u0107 kardyna\u0142a i zosta\u0142 cz\u0142onkiem Kolegium Kardynalskiego. Zmar\u0142 w nast\u0119pnym roku, 11 sierpnia 1890 roku. Ponad sto lat p\u00f3\u017aniej, w 1991 roku, kardyna\u0142 Newman zosta\u0142 og\u0142oszony Czcigodnym po dok\u0142adnym zbadaniu jego \u017cycia i dzie\u0142 przez Kongregacj\u0119 Spraw Kanonizacyjnych. W lipcu 2009 roku Stolica Apostolska promulgowa\u0142a dekret przypisuj\u0105cy cud jego wstawiennictwu. 19 wrze\u015bnia 2010 roku papie\u017c Benedykt XVI beatyfikowa\u0142 kardyna\u0142a Newmana w Wielkiej Brytanii, w uroczystej i wielogodzinnej Mszy \u015awi\u0119tej. W 2019 roku papie\u017c Franciszek kanonizowa\u0142 Anglika.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

John Henry Newman naci\u00f3 el 21 de febrero de 1801 en Londres, en el seno de una familia anglicana de banqueros. Fue el primog\u00e9nito de seis hermanos. A la edad de siete a\u00f1os empez\u00f3 a asistir a una escuela en Ealing, donde se distingui\u00f3 por su diligencia y buena conducta. All\u00ed manifest\u00f3 cierta timidez y […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1436,"featured_media":51324,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[549,548],"tags":[1015,8],"class_list":["post-26440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-evangelizacion","category-foco","tag-john-henry-newman","tag-santos"],"yoast_head":"\nEl cardenal Newman - Omnes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El cardenal Newman sufri\u00f3 tres "enfermedades espirituales" que transformaron su vida y le llevaron a la Iglesia cat\u00f3lica.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/pl\/focus\/the-cardinal-newman\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"El cardenal Newman - 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