{"id":33465,"date":"2023-11-12T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-12T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/omnesmag.com\/?p=33465"},"modified":"2023-08-31T09:58:29","modified_gmt":"2023-08-31T07:58:29","slug":"pustelnik-san-millan-i-kolebka-jezyka-hiszpanskiego","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/pl\/actualidad\/el-eremita-san-millan-y-la-cuna-del-espanol\/","title":{"rendered":"Pustelnik San Mill\u00e1n i kolebka j\u0119zyka hiszpa\u0144skiego"},"content":{"rendered":"

San Mill\u00e1n urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 w Berceo (obecnie miasto w La Rioja) w 473 roku. W tym czasie na P\u00f3\u0142wyspie Iberyjskim, ju\u017c schrystianizowanym, \u017cyli obok siebie Hispano-Romanie i niedawno przybyli Wizygoci. W tym czasie panowa\u0142 Euryk, chocia\u017c d\u0142ugie \u017cycie San Mill\u00e1na obejmowa\u0142o 10 rz\u0105d\u00f3w, poniewa\u017c \u017cy\u0142 101 lat, od 473 do 574 roku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pasterz w Berceo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pochodzi\u0142 z ch\u0142opskiej rodziny hispano-rzymskiej i by\u0142 pasterzem do 20 roku \u017cycia. Od tego momentu zdecydowa\u0142 si\u0119 na \u017cycie zakonne i opu\u015bci\u0142 Berceo, aby studiowa\u0107 u kotwicy \u015bwi\u0119tego Felicesa de Bilibio. Nast\u0119pnie zosta\u0142 pustelnikiem i powr\u00f3ci\u0142 do swojego rodzinnego regionu, udaj\u0105c si\u0119 na spoczynek do jaski\u0144, kt\u00f3re obecnie znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 w wiosce San Mill\u00e1n de la Cogolla (wioska, kt\u00f3ra nie istnia\u0142a w tamtym czasie, a kt\u00f3ra powsta\u0142a, poniewa\u017c wielu ludzi osiedli\u0142o si\u0119 tam z powodu \u015bwi\u0119tego).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015awi\u0119ty Mill\u00e1n, pustelnik<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Maj\u0105c reputacj\u0119 \u015bwi\u0119tego ze wzgl\u0119du na swoje cuda, wkr\u00f3tce zyska\u0142 na\u015bladowc\u00f3w, kt\u00f3rzy utworzyli wsp\u00f3lnot\u0119 w pobliskich jaskiniach, zar\u00f3wno m\u0119\u017cczyzn, jak i kobiety, na przyk\u0142ad Saint Citonato, Saint Sophronius, Saint Oria (Gonzalo de Berceo napisa\u0142 wiersz \"Vida de Santa Oria\") i Saint Potamia, kt\u00f3ra dzi\u015b nadaje imi\u0119 jednej z ulic wioski.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Grobowce niemowl\u0105t z Lara w Suso<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Ze wzgl\u0119du na wzrost liczby wyznawc\u00f3w, obok jaski\u0144 zbudowano wizygocki ko\u015bci\u00f3\u0142, kt\u00f3ry zosta\u0142 p\u00f3\u017aniej rozbudowany w okresie mozarabskim. Ko\u015bci\u00f3\u0142 ten by\u0142 polichromowany, ale w 1002 roku Almanzor podpali\u0142 go i dzi\u015b pozosta\u0142o tylko kilka niewielkich pozosta\u0142o\u015bci tej dekoracji. Z pierwotnego ko\u015bcio\u0142a wci\u0105\u017c mo\u017cna zobaczy\u0107 wizygocki o\u0142tarz z VI wieku, najstarszy zachowany na P\u00f3\u0142wyspie Apeni\u0144skim i w wi\u0119kszo\u015bci kraj\u00f3w zachodnich.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pierwsze \u015blady j\u0119zyka hiszpa\u0144skiego<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dzisiejszy klasztor Suso, w San Mill\u00e1n de la Cogolla, zbudowany jest w jaskiniach, w kt\u00f3rych \u017cy\u0142 \u015bwi\u0119ty Mill\u00e1n. Zamieszkiwany przez wysoko wykszta\u0142conych mnich\u00f3w, s\u0142ynny Emilian Glosses zosta\u0142 napisany tam, pierwsze zachowane pisemne \u015bwiadectwo j\u0119zyka hiszpa\u0144skiego, wyja\u015bnienia do tekstu \u0142aci\u0144skiego, kt\u00f3re anonimowy mnich kopista zapisa\u0142 w j\u0119zyku roma\u0144skim na prawym marginesie kodeksu. Niekt\u00f3re baskijskie s\u0142owa r\u00f3wnie\u017c pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 w tych glosach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po \u015bmierci w 574 r. \u015bwi\u0119ty Mill\u00e1n zosta\u0142 pochowany w Suso, a jego szcz\u0105tki pozosta\u0142y tam do 1053 r., kiedy to kr\u00f3l Garc\u00eda postanowi\u0142 przenie\u015b\u0107 go do niedawno za\u0142o\u017conej Santa Mar\u00eda La Real de N\u00e1jera. Jednak\u017ce, zgodnie z tradycj\u0105, wo\u0142y nios\u0105ce w\u00f3z pogrzebowy przewr\u00f3ci\u0142y si\u0119, gdy dotar\u0142y do doliny i nie by\u0142o sposobu, aby je przenie\u015b\u0107. Kr\u00f3l zinterpretowa\u0142 to jako znak, \u017ce cia\u0142o \u015bwi\u0119tego nie powinno opuszcza\u0107 doliny i zbudowano klasztor Yuso, w kt\u00f3rym do dzi\u015b przechowywane s\u0105 szcz\u0105tki San Mill\u00e1n. Oba klasztory zosta\u0142y uznane za \u015awiatowe dziedzictwo<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

W zwi\u0105zku z przeniesieniem, w XII wieku w klasztorze Suso wykonano pami\u0105tkowe cenotafium z czarnego alabastru, na kt\u00f3rym przedstawiono kilka postaci, w tym \u015bwi\u0119tego Braulio, biskupa Saragossy i pierwszego biografa San Mill\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gonzalo de Berceo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Klasztor Suso sta\u0142 si\u0119 wa\u017cnym o\u015brodkiem kulturalnym. W XII wieku ch\u0142opiec o imieniu Gonzalo, urodzony, podobnie jak San Mill\u00e1n, w Berceo, uda\u0142 si\u0119 tam, aby si\u0119 kszta\u0142ci\u0107. By\u0142 to Gonzalo de Berceo, pierwszy poeta o znanym nazwisku, kt\u00f3ry pisa\u0142 swoje dzie\u0142a w j\u0119zyku roma\u0144skim zamiast po \u0142acinie. Dlatego te\u017c miejsce to znane jest jako \"kolebka\" j\u0119zyka hiszpa\u0144skiego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Szcz\u0105tki (z wyj\u0105tkiem g\u0142\u00f3w) Siedmiu Niemowl\u0105t de Lara r\u00f3wnie\u017c spoczywaj\u0105 w Suso, wraz ze szcz\u0105tkami ich ayo, Don Nu\u00f1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zachowa\u0142a si\u0119 r\u00f3wnie\u017c tak zwana \"Cueva de Cuaresma\" (Jaskinia Wielkopostna), do kt\u00f3rej \u015bwi\u0119ty Mill\u00e1n udawa\u0142 si\u0119 w okresie Wielkiego Postu, aby po\u015bci\u0107 i pokutowa\u0107. Mo\u017cna tu r\u00f3wnie\u017c zobaczy\u0107 groby szlachcic\u00f3w, kt\u00f3rzy chcieli by\u0107 pochowani w pobli\u017cu \u015bwi\u0119tego. W innej cz\u0119\u015bci ma\u0142ego klasztoru przechowywane s\u0105 ko\u015bci dawnych pielgrzym\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re zosta\u0142y znalezione w dolinie.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Klasztor Suso<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Suso i Yuso<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dzi\u015b w klasztorze w Suso nie mieszkaj\u0105 mnisi ani pustelnicy: niewielki budynek pozosta\u0142 na szczycie wzg\u00f3rza jako relikt architektoniczny, historyczny, kulturowy i religijny. Klasztor Yuso jest jednak nadal domem dla wsp\u00f3lnoty mnich\u00f3w augustia\u0144skich, kt\u00f3rzy zachowuj\u0105 kult religijny tego miejsca.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

San Mill\u00e1n naci\u00f3 en Berceo (actualmente, una localidad de La Rioja) en el a\u00f1o 473 d. C. En aquella \u00e9poca, en la Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica, ya cristianizada, conviv\u00edan los hispanorromanos y los reci\u00e9n llegados visigodos. Reinaba por aquel entonces Eurico, aunque la larga vida de san Mill\u00e1n abarc\u00f3 10 reinados, ya que vivi\u00f3 101 a\u00f1os, del […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2425,"featured_media":33466,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[36,39],"tags":[8],"class_list":["post-33465","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualidad","category-cultura","tag-santos"],"yoast_head":"\nEl eremita san Mill\u00e1n y la cuna del espa\u00f1ol - Omnes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El 12 de noviembre se celebra San Mill\u00e1n, un santo del siglo V-VI d. C. 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