{"id":41237,"date":"2024-08-27T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-08-27T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/omnesmag.com\/?p=41237"},"modified":"2024-08-23T13:41:50","modified_gmt":"2024-08-23T11:41:50","slug":"katedra-iglica-najwiekszy-romanski-kosciol-na-swiecie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omnesmag.com\/pl\/actualidad\/catedral-de-espira-iglesia-romanica-mas-grande-del-mundo\/","title":{"rendered":"Katedra w Speyer, najwi\u0119kszy roma\u0144ski ko\u015bci\u00f3\u0142 na \u015bwiecie"},"content":{"rendered":"
Katedra w Speyer jest najwi\u0119kszym roma\u0144skim ko\u015bcio\u0142em na \u015bwiecie. Po\u015bwi\u0119cony Naj\u015bwi\u0119tszej Maryi Pannie i protom\u0119czennikowi \u015bw. Szczepanowi, jego cudowny obraz uczyni\u0142 go wa\u017cnym miejscem pielgrzymek w diecezji. M\u00f3wi si\u0119, \u017ce \u015bw. Bernard z Clairvaux doda\u0142 wezwania \"o clemens, o pia, o dulcis virgo Maria\" do hymnu \"Salve Regina\" przed tym obrazem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Zniszczony przez francuskie oddzia\u0142y rewolucyjne w 1794 roku, papie\u017c Pius XI podarowa\u0142 nowy obraz pielgrzymkowy w 1930 roku. Modlili si\u0119 przed nim m.in. \u015bwi\u0119ta Edyta Stein i papie\u017c Jan Pawe\u0142 II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Budowa katedry w Speyer<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Ambitny projekt katedry zosta\u0142 zainicjowany przez kr\u00f3la i p\u00f3\u017aniejszego cesarza Konrada II oko\u0142o 1025 roku. Nakaza\u0142 on budow\u0119 katedry cesarskiej i katedry Naj\u015bwi\u0119tszej Marii Panny w Speyer, dla kt\u00f3rej zbudowano kana\u0142 z Lasu Palatynackiego do Renu w celu transportu niezb\u0119dnego kamienia i drewna. Pomimo tych wysi\u0142k\u00f3w ani Konrad II (990-1036), ani jego syn Henryk III (1017-1056) nie doczekali si\u0119 uko\u0144czenia katedry za swojego \u017cycia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Henryk III podarowa\u0142 \"Ewangelie ze Speyer\", ilustrowane dzie\u0142o czterech Ewangelii, na konsekracj\u0119 o\u0142tarza g\u0142\u00f3wnego w 1046 roku. Ca\u0142y budynek zosta\u0142 konsekrowany w 1061 roku, za panowania jego wnuka Henryka IV (1050-1106). Jednak zaledwie 20 lat p\u00f3\u017aniej Henryk IV nakaza\u0142 zburzenie po\u0142owy katedry, aby odbudowa\u0107 j\u0105 w wi\u0119kszym rozmiarze. Tylko niekt\u00f3re cz\u0119\u015bci, w tym stara krypta, pozosta\u0142y nienaruszone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
W 1106 roku, roku \u015bmierci Henryka IV, uko\u0144czono budow\u0119 nowej katedry o d\u0142ugo\u015bci 134 metr\u00f3w i szeroko\u015bci 33 metr\u00f3w, co czyni j\u0105 jednym z najwi\u0119kszych budynk\u00f3w tamtych czas\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n
\nFasada katedry w Speyer (Wikimedia Commons \/ BlueBreezeWiki)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Unikalna architektura<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Plan bazyliki charakteryzuje si\u0119 r\u00f3wnowag\u0105 mi\u0119dzy cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 wschodni\u0105 i zachodni\u0105 oraz symetrycznymi wie\u017cami, kt\u00f3re otaczaj\u0105 struktur\u0119 utworzon\u0105 przez naw\u0119 g\u0142\u00f3wn\u0105 i transept. Budynek sta\u0142 si\u0119 pierwszym w pe\u0142ni sklepionym ko\u015bcio\u0142em w Europie w 1077 roku na polecenie Henryka IV. Jego struktura wp\u0142yn\u0119\u0142a na rozw\u00f3j architektury roma\u0144skiej w XI i XII wieku; plan by\u0142 cz\u0119sto przyjmowany, zw\u0142aszcza w Nadrenii. Sklepienie nawy g\u0142\u00f3wnej by\u0142o pierwszym tej wielko\u015bci od czas\u00f3w staro\u017cytnych, ze specyficznym systemem sklepienia, w kt\u00f3rym dwa prz\u0119s\u0142a nawy bocznej odpowiadaj\u0105 ka\u017cdemu prz\u0119s\u0142u nawy g\u0142\u00f3wnej. Katedra w Speyer jest r\u00f3wnie\u017c pierwszym ko\u015bcio\u0142em z ca\u0142kowicie otaczaj\u0105c\u0105 i dost\u0119pn\u0105 galeri\u0105 kar\u0142owat\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na szczeg\u00f3ln\u0105 uwag\u0119 zas\u0142uguje krypta, kt\u00f3ra pochodzi z pierwszej fazy budowy i prawdopodobnie zosta\u0142a konsekrowana w 1043 roku. Rozci\u0105ga si\u0119 ona pod ca\u0142ym ch\u00f3rem i transeptem. Cztery sekcje pomieszcze\u0144 \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 si\u0119 ze sob\u0105, tworz\u0105c szeroki przedsionek krypty o wysoko\u015bci prawie siedmiu metr\u00f3w. Naprzemienne \u0142uki z czerwonego i \u017c\u00f3\u0142tego piaskowca symbolizuj\u0105 boski porz\u0105dek, kt\u00f3ry nadaje struktur\u0119 chrze\u015bcija\u0144skiemu \u017cyciu.<\/p>\n\n\n
\nSklepienie katedry Spire <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Zniszczenia i odbudowy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Na przestrzeni dziej\u00f3w katedra by\u0142a kilkakrotnie niszczona. Podczas wojny o sukcesj\u0119 Palatynatu, Speyer zosta\u0142 zaj\u0119ty przez wojska francuskie w 1688 roku, a katedra sp\u0142on\u0119\u0142a w 1689 roku, zawalaj\u0105c du\u017c\u0105 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 budynku. Jednak grobowce Salezjan\u00f3w, z wyj\u0105tkiem grobowca Henryka V, przetrwa\u0142y dzi\u0119ki swojej g\u0142\u0119boko\u015bci. Uratowano r\u00f3wnie\u017c cenny obraz Matki Boskiej, przechowywany w relikwiarzu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
W 1773 roku bazylika zosta\u0142a przywr\u00f3cona do pierwotnych wymiar\u00f3w przez Franza Ignaza Michaela Neumanna, kt\u00f3ry przeprojektowa\u0142 zachodni budynek w stylu barokowym. W latach 1846-1853 katedra zosta\u0142a ozdobiona malowid\u0142ami Johanna Schraudolpha na zlecenie kr\u00f3la Ludwika I Bawarskiego. W latach 1854-1858 barokowa fasada zosta\u0142a usuni\u0119ta i przebudowana w stylu roma\u0144skim wed\u0142ug plan\u00f3w Heinricha H\u00fcbscha. Te zmiany strukturalne i renowacje dokumentuj\u0105 XIX-wieczne praktyki konserwacji zabytk\u00f3w, cho\u0107 niekt\u00f3re decyzje s\u0105 dzi\u015b postrzegane krytycznie. Jednocze\u015bnie budynek ma ogromne znaczenie dla rozwoju zasad renowacji w Niemczech, Europie i na \u015bwiecie po po\u017carze w XVII wieku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Katedra w Speyer, wpisana na list\u0119 \u015bwiatowego dziedzictwa UNESCO<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Katedra zosta\u0142a wpisana na list\u0119 \u015bwiatowego dziedzictwa UNESCO w 1981 roku, co podkre\u015bla jej znaczenie dla historii Niemiec. Prace konserwatorskie by\u0142y wspierane przez Niemieck\u0105 Fundacj\u0119 Ochrony Zabytk\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Katedra w Speyer jest nie tylko \u015bwiadectwem sztuki i architektury roma\u0144skiej, ale tak\u017ce burzliwej historii i perypetii, z kt\u00f3rymi musia\u0142a si\u0119 zmierzy\u0107 na przestrzeni wiek\u00f3w. Pochowano tu czterech cesarzy (Konrada II, Henryka III, Henryka IV i Henryka V), trzy cesarzowe (Gizel\u0119, \u017con\u0119 Konrada II, Beatrix, drug\u0105 \u017con\u0119 Fryderyka I Barbarossy i Agnieszk\u0119, jego c\u00f3rk\u0119), a tak\u017ce kr\u00f3l\u00f3w z rod\u00f3w Habsburg\u00f3w, Staufen\u00f3w i Nassau. Czyni to katedr\u0119 najwa\u017cniejszym miejscem poch\u00f3wku \u015bredniowiecza na ziemi niemieckiej.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Od momentu powstania za czas\u00f3w Konrada II po wsp\u00f3\u0142czesn\u0105 renowacj\u0119 i konserwacj\u0119, katedra przetrwa\u0142a wojny, po\u017cary i zmiany stylistyczne, staj\u0105c si\u0119 trwa\u0142ym symbolem niemieckiego dziedzictwa kulturowego i religijnego.<\/p>\n\n\n
\nStatua kr\u00f3la Adolfa z Nassau (Wikimedia Commons \/ Berthold Werner)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
La catedral de Espira (\u201cSpeyer\u201d en alem\u00e1n) es la iglesia rom\u00e1nica de mayores dimensiones del mundo. Dedicada a la Virgen Mar\u00eda y al protom\u00e1rtir San Esteban, su imagen milagrosa la convirti\u00f3 en un importante lugar de peregrinaci\u00f3n de la di\u00f3cesis. Se dice que San Bernardo de Claraval a\u00f1adi\u00f3 las invocaciones \u201co clemens, o pia, o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":399,"featured_media":41238,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[36,39],"tags":[609],"class_list":["post-41237","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualidad","category-cultura","tag-alemania"],"yoast_head":"\n
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